Coca Cola Buy, Sell or Hold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Coca Cola Buy, Sell or Hold - Essay Example the year 1886, but even though John had great pharmaceutical capabilities, he lacked marketing skills due to which he was not able to create the kind of hype of this non – alcoholic drink as we know today, thus realising Coca Cola as a remarkable and an extraordinary product Asa Candler purchased the formula and the Coca Cola brand from John realising this as the perfect business opportunity. Candler was born in Georgia and had great motivational capabilities, prior to purchasing Coca Cola he was a pharmacist and had purchased this soon to be the most renowned brand - name for just $2,300. And not long after that he became a millionaire and became to be known as one of the top most business tycoons in the United States. He was also elected as the Mayor of Atlanta in 1916 just when he retired from Coca Cola. The most amazing performance of his management skills were displayed when he successfully launched his marketing campaign and distribution channel for the Coca Cola brand name. He decided that it was best to only create the raw soft drink and instead of appointing the company’s executives to market the product the company would appoint various bottling plants as their ‘C & F’ or Carrying and Forwarding agents. The strategy was a success since the early launch and this marketing strategy boosted the sales of Coca – Cola not only in America but throughout the whole wide world. Even today the Coca Cola Company administers its marketing operations in the same way, although with minor adjustments, such as they purchase most of the stake in most of the bottling plants to remain in power. Coca – Cola is the most renowned brand name through out the whole world with an established market base in over 200 countries and in possibly every corner of this world. But recognition has its shortcomings, and one of the negative sides of recognition is that it brings controversies along with it. This is especially true in case of the Coca – Cola Company; it is a

My Alignment with the Values of the Bank Essay Example for Free

My Alignment with the Values of the Bank Essay According to Business Dictionary 2010, values can be defined as the important and enduring beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is desirable and what is not. Each person has his or her own individual values and so does organizations. The values of organizations dictate its actions and behaviors. Corporate values can be said to play an important role in an organization and is imperative to success. And Access Bank PLC is known for its core values which are Excellence, Leadership, Empowered employees, Passion for customers, Professionalism, and Innovation. These values can be said to be responsible for its excellence and continuous strive to be the best both locally and globally. To attain a successful alignment between individual and organization values, there needs to be a synergy between the employee and the organization he or she works for. My alignment with these values are in no doubt because I as an individual always strive to be the best and these values should be cultivated by any individual or organization that strive to be the best. Firstly the value of Leadership, I as an individual that strive for excellence always want to be the leader. I strive to acquire all the necessary knowledge and expertise that makes me stand out as a leader that others look up to. So in this vein, contributing and believing in the Leadership value of Access Bank PLC is something that will come as second nature to me. Then there is excellence. This being part of my daily mantra is a value that aligning with will also come as second nature. I and Access Bank both believe in the value of excellence. As someone who strive to be the best and excel. Excellence is a watch word that applies to everything I do. I recognize the importance

Country Profile And History Of Malta Tourism Essay

Country Profile And History Of Malta Tourism Essay Situated in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea, only some 93 km away from the southernmost part of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunis, the Republic of Malta is one of the smallest, albeit most densely populated (1307 inhabitants/km ²), European countries. The population of 412 970  [1]  is spread over Malta and Gozo  [2]  , two main islands, which together with their corresponding archipelago comprise a surface area of 316 km2. The tale of the Maltese history is a very turbulent one and it has seen a succession of many different powers ruling its islands throughout the course of time. Maltese islands have been already colonised in prehistoric times when the first settlers came down from the nearby Sicily, establishing their Neolithic communities around 5000 BC (Trump 1972). The period around 4100 BC marked the beginning of the so-called Temple Period (Ã…Â »ebbuÄ ¡ phase) around the islands, characterized by the appearance of the rock-cut chamber tombs. The peak of the Temple period ensued in the Ä  gantija phase (3600 3200 BC), named after the eponymous site on the island of Gozo (Trump 2002). This was the first phase of the extensive building activity in the form of the megalithic structures, while the second phase took place around 3000 BC However, the prolific era of architectural prowess ceased towards 2500 BC, the buildings were abandoned and islands depopulated, until the advent of th e Bronze Age with new populations arriving and raising their settlements (2500 700 BC). In the period between 700 and 500 BC, Malta was colonised by the Phoenicians who saw the importance of islands strategic location and used their harbours for their trading business. After almost 300 years of Punic domination, which started around 500 BC, and their resulting defeat in the Punic wars, the power over the islands fell into the Roman hands in 218 BC, who incorporated them in the province of Sicily and thus the Empire. After the division of the Roman Empire, Malta was briefly occupied by Vandals and Ostrogoths in the 5th century, but in 535 AD, during the reign of Emperor Justinian I, it was assimilated by the Byzantine Empire where it remained until the Arabian conquest in 870 AD (Bonnano 2005). A chaotic medieval period followed where different rulers and ruling dynasties were replacing each other, for example, Normans, Swabians, Angevins, Aragonese, just to name a few. For a brief period of 50 years, Malta was a part of the Spanish Empire, until 1530 when it was consign ed to the Knights of the Order of Saint John who were expelled from the island of Rhodes by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Under the constant threat of the Turkish attack, Grand Master Jean Parisot de la Valette built the first fortifications on Malta (Birgu and Isla) and Fort St. Elmo to guard the entrance to the Grand Harbour. The inevitable Turkish invasion began in 1565 marking the event known in history as the Great Siege of Malta. The attack was successfully warded off and in 1566 the Knights started constructing their new city, which was to carry the name of their victorious Grand Master. For the next 232 years, Malta stayed under the command of the Knights until the French occupation in 1798 led by Napoleon. However, after only two years, the French will surrender the territory to the British and Malta will become a crown colony by the provisions of the Treaty of Paris (1814).  [3]   As an important strategic naval base to the Allied forces, Malta suffered great damage and loss of lives during WWII, while being bombed by the German and Italian forces. On 15th April 1942, King George VI awarded the country with George Cross for bravery, a symbol that is today embedded in the Maltese flag.  [4]   During the British rule, the government structure was constantly shifting. Malta was granted self-government in 1921 by the provisions of the Amery-Milner Constitution, which also allowed for the first Parliament to be established. The Constitution was suspended, restored and withdrawn in the period of three years (1930 1933) as the result of a political crisis (Zammit 2005). Nevertheless, self-government was restored to Malta between 1947 and 1964. Finally, on 21st September 1964, Malta gained independence from the colonial rule, gained sovereignty within the Commonwealth and joined the United Nations. In the following year, Malta also joined the Council of Europe. It was not until a decade later that Malta declared itself a republic, on 13th December 1974, with Sir Anthony Mamo as its first president. With the termination of the military base agreement, British troops and the Royal Navy withdrew from the islands in 1979.  [5]  In 1993, local government was reintroduced by an a ct of Parliament. Another milestone in Maltese history occurred in 2003 when the Treaty of Accession to the European Union was signed and on 1st May 2004, in the biggest enlargement of the EU history, Malta joined the Union with other nine states. Today, Malta is a parliamentary democracy whose government structure and public administration are modelled on the Westminster system. Its political scene is governed by two major political parties, which shifted in power since WWII, namely, the Nationalist Party (Partit Nazzjonalista; Christian Democratic Party) and the Labour Party (Partit Laburista; Social Democratic Party), with Nationalist party being currently in power. 2.2 Legislation on cultural heritage The earliest legislation on cultural heritage in Malta dates back to 1925 when the colonial government issued the Antiquities (Protection) Act which was the consolidated edition of a series of earlier ordinances issued from 1907. The Act was followed by the creation of the Antiquities list in 1932, which contained the records of sites and properties under protection. Heritage was next mentioned in 1991, in the context of Act Nr. V of the Environment Protection Act which proclaimed that ministers responsible for the environment have the power to declare any natural or cultural site as protected. In the succeeding Development Planning Act of 1992, cultural heritage is introduced through the scheduling of properties for conservation. The old Antiquities Act was superseded in 2002 by the Cultural Heritage Act which was to rectify the imbalances that had existed since the times of antiquated governance and institute structural changes which would reflect the current needs by making provisions for management, regulation and conservation of cultural heritage (Grima Theuma 2006). The Cultural Heritage Act (2002), the principal tool that protects the cultural heritage in Malta, defines cultural heritage as movable and immovable objects of artistic, architectural, historical, archaeological, ethnographic, paleontological and geological importance and includes information or data relative to cultural heritage pertaining to Malta or to any other country. The CHA established a number of different entities, such as Heritage Malta, Superintendence of Cultural Heritage, Committee of Guarantee, Malta Centre for Restoration (merged with Heritage Malta in 2005), National Forum and Cultural Heritage Fund (administered by the Committee of Guarantee). The functions and objectives of selected entities will be detailed later in this chapter (2.3). Guardianship Deed is an important tool introduced by the CHA (Article 48), with the SCH in charge of the administration process. It encourages involvement at grassroots level by allowing cultural heritage NGOs and local councils to enter into contract with the State which can transfer to them immovable cultural property in guardianship. This can only be done with properties such as archaeological sites, fortresses, towers and buildings which are public property. If the agreement in the notarial act is for some reason cancelled, the land returns to the government and the public ownership of the site is not lost. Government gives LCs or NGOs special rights on these properties, especially economic rights, because they can make money from the sites through fundraising and keep the money for restoration of buildings. This is an exception because usually, an NGO cannot perform fundraising activities on a public property. A GD is extremely helpful because it allows the state to transfer the neglected properties which would otherwise probably never be restored. Up until now, ten properties were entrusted to NGOs (nine to Din l-Art Helwa and one to Wirt Artna) and one to the Tarxien Local Council for a WWII shelter (SCH 2010). The number seems to indicate either a lack of interest or poor awareness of the opportunities offered by the GD (SCH 2010). The National strategy for cultural heritage was published in 2006 by the Ministry for Tourism and Culture as a further step in the implementation of the Cultural Heritage Act. The main objectives identified in this document are citizen participation, improved governance, development of cultural resources and sustainable use of heritage resources (MTC 2006a). The Local Councils Act was approved by the Maltese Parliament on 30 June 1993. It was based on the COEs European Charter of Local Self-Government which the Government ratified earlier that same year. The Act created a system of local government authorities and gave them considerable responsibilities and functions, all of which are described in Articles 33 through 48. In relation to cultural heritage, the LCA limited LCs involvement in cultural heritage projects, however, Article 48 of the CHA enabled them to assume the role of custodians by entering into the Guardianship deed with the government. This process has already been discussed earlier in this text. The Development Planning Act was created in 1992 and makes provisions for the planning and management of development and for the establishment of an authority with powers to that effect (DPA 1992, 1). The articles 46 through 47 are of interest here as they refer to cultural and natural heritage and authorize the agency in question (MEPA) to schedule property for conservation, to manage and review the list of scheduled property and to make emergency conservation orders. The Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands was published in 1990 by the Planning Services Division of the Ministry for Development of Infrastructure. It is different from the DPA, in that it designates various types of conservation areas and properties, Chapter 15 of the SPMI identifies complementary policies which apply to those areas and properties. It further ranks the properties according to their significance and degree of protection. Listed buildings in Urban Conservation Areas are graded as Grades 1 to 3; Areas and Sites of Archaeological Importance are classified from Class A to D, while Areas of Ecological Importance and Sites of Scientific Importance are rated from Level 1 to 4 (SPMI 1990). 2.3 Relevant authorities In the last twelve years, culture has shifted between several ministerial portfolios, presently constituting a part of Ministry for Education, Culture, Youth and Sports (Attard 2010). Before the CHA of 2002, there was only the Museums Department, the state administrative unit, which was both the operator and the regulator, functions which are today performed by Heritage Malta and the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage. Since the Museums Department was not covered by law, there was not much information to be found on the subject. They had no autonomy, but they had a budget with which they ran the museums, while the revenue from the ticket sales went back to the government (Cutajar 2010). The Superintendence for Cultural Heritage (Sovrintendenza Tal-Patrimonju Kulturali) is a national agency responsible for the regulation of all matters pertaining to the cultural heritage of Malta. Their mission, as defined by Article 7, paragraph 1 of the CHA is to fulfil the duties of the State in ensuring the protection and accessibility of Maltas cultural heritage. Article 7, paragraph 5 details all the functions of the SCH, some of which are: development, managing and updating the National inventory of cultural property; promoting research in the field of cultural heritage; authorising and conducting excavations; keeping and managing documentation and archives in relation to cultural heritage; the monitoring of import and export of cultural goods; enforcement of the laws; advising the Minister and MEPA on heritage matters; administration of Guardianship deeds with NGOs and local councils. SCH is headed by the Superintendent of Cultural Heritage and currently consists of eleven st aff members (Attard 2010). Since 2007, they have administered the Cultural Heritage Inventory Management System (CHIMS) project, a national database for heritage data management, which attempts to improve access to information. The agency keeps a meticulous record of their publications namely, Annual Reports and State of heritage reports which can be accessed online on their official website. Heritage Malta is an operating agency, established to ensure that those elements of the cultural heritage entrusted to it are protected and made accessible to the public (CHA 2002, Art.8, para.1). HMs main task is management of State-owned museums and heritage sites, their related collections on the islands of Malta and Gozo, and UNESCO World Heritage Sites (HM 2008). The agency is governed by a Board of Directors. In 2005, the amendment to the CHA merged the former Malta Centre for Restoration with HM, and thus gave rise to the Institute of Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage which offers academic and vocational courses in conservation in collaboration with MCAST and the University of Malta.  [6]   Further functions of the Agency are elaborated upon in Article 8, paragraph 4 of the CHA, some of which are acquisition of properties, collections, sites and buildings; performing or commissioning conservation or restoration of owned or administered cultural properties; promoting education and appreciation of heritage to the general public; ensuring that all of the heritage sites entrusted to them are managed, conserved, studied and presented in the best way possible. HM has successfully managed to capitalize upon different EU funding schemes for their cultural heritage and conservation programmes. Following is a selection of some of the ongoing projects: SMARTmuseum (FP7) development of a platform for innovative IT services; Rehabilitation of Roman Baths and Christian Catacombs in Mgarr and Mosta (EAFRD); MINERVA Digitisation Project; Ä ¦aÄ ¡ar Qim and Mnajdra Archaeological Park (ERDF) installation of protective shelters, conservation and presentation, Med.Archeo.Sites: Study and Valorisation of Archaeological Sites of the Mediterranean Area.  [7]  The latest and a rather significant project is a 9.2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ million Archaeological Heritage Conservation Project (ERDF) launched in mid-2008. It will run until March 2013 and includes works on three sites, two of which are part of the Maltese Megalithic temples WHS (Ä  gantija and Tarxien temples), while the third is on UNESCOs Tentative List (St. Pauls Catacombs in Rab at). The project includes construction of elevated walkways for both WHSs, a museum and a visitors centre at Ä  gantija, and a temporary protective shelter, similar to the ones at Ä ¦aÄ ¡ar Qim and Mnajdra, over the Tarxien temples (HM 2008). Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA) was established by the provisions of the Development Planning Act (1992) and its role further reinforced by the Environment Protection Act (2001). It is a national agency in charge of land use planning and environmental regulation in Malta.  [8]  MEPA is subdivided into the Development Planning Directorate, Environment Protection Directorate, Directorate for Corporate Service and the Chairmans Office, all of which are carrying out the agencys responsibilities. The Planning Directorate is further split into the Forward Planning Division and the Development Services Division. It is within FPD that the Heritage Planning Unit (HPU), which is responsible for all matters pertaining to cultural and natural heritage, is placed. A full list of HPUs obligations and duties can be found explained in detail in Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands (Chapter 15), EPA and DPA (Chapters 46 48). Some of the main tasks of HPU are providing general information on heritage, legal protection of immovable heritage and heritage related planning, scheduling properties and maintaining the Malta Scheduled Property Register, publishing guidelines for restoration,  [9]  internal  [10]  and public awareness projects.  [11]   Within the Public Awareness section of the HPUs website one can find links to X-Plain and One World. X-Plain is a four-page long newsletter on MEPAs monthly activities, whose first issue was published in May 2007. There were seven issues published in 2007 and only three in 2008 which clearly shows that the newsletter has been discontinued. One world, on the other hand, was a special column in Times of Malta newspaper where, in the period from May 2007 until June 2009, a series of articles on cultural heritage of Malta were published. There is also an informative section with answers to some frequently asked questions such as the definition of buffer zones, how to check if ones property has been scheduled or which works can be carried out within scheduled property without development consent. MEPA and HPU are encouraging citizen involvement so, for instance, every citizen can request a property to be scheduled and thus legally protected and enlisted in MSPR by filling the appropriate form available on the MEPA website. The Maltese National Commission for UNESCO was created when Malta gained independence in 1964. Although a national commission, it comprises of volunteer staff members whose energy, resources and time they can spend are infinitesimal compared to national commissions of other countries that employ full-time personnel. The Maltese National Commission for UNESCO organises local projects which are in line with the mission and objectives of the parent organisation located in Paris.  [12]  Some of the projects related to Maltas WHSs include a preparation of a reactive monitoring report for City of Valletta and publication of The Tarxien Temples: Teachers Resource Book Worksheets. The Commission runs the official website where one can gather information about their activities and members. The News section of the site brings updates on news related to global UNESCOs activities. Local councils, as already mentioned in the section on legislation, were created in 1993 as required by the LCA. There are altogether 68 local councils of which 54 are located in Malta and 14 in Gozo. LCs are, by legal definition, responsible for a number of things (Articles 33 48, LCA), and specifically excluded from a number of other things, most of which are dealing with cultural sites. They have the right to organise local festas or other folkloristic activities, and deduct funding for culture from their own resources. LCs spend a lot of money on restoration of local chapels and publications, but national monuments, such as the Megalithic temples WHS, are not their responsibility as those are funded from the government budgets and managed by the national agency (Heritage Malta). Tarxien, Qrendi, MÄ ¡arr and XagÄra are local councils of special interest here since the Megalithic temples WHS are situated in their administrative units. Following is a short analysis of inf ormation that these LCs provide on the temples to interested parties. The office of XagÄra Local Council does not contain any HM brochures on Ä  gantija. A member of the LC informed the author that they do not receive these brochures from Heritage Malta at all. However, they do have a catalogue which lists all the sites of historical interest in XagÄra, though it wasnt specified if this is something available for purchase or only for library use. The book was not available for viewing at the time of the authors visit. The official website of the LC was no more informative either. It contains a link  [13]  which shows an interactive map of XagÄra with clickable points of interest. Upon clicking the point for Ä  gantija, the visitor enters a new page with information on Ä  gantija temples and one photo of the site. The text does not mention that Ä  gantija is UNESCO WHS. Another link  [14]  provides some brief information on the history of Gozo, starting from prehistoric times, and includes one more photo of Ä  gantija. The website of MÄ ¡arr Local Council provides specific information on the Ta Ä ¦aÄ ¡rat and Skorba temples accompanied by one photo of each site.  [15]  Almost everything is in Maltese, with only some content translated into English. The English version of the site displays information on the history of the village featuring links to the HM website and their information on the temples.  [16]  The author did not have a chance to meet a representative of this LC despite several communication attempts. The office of the Qrendi Local Council, just like the XagÄra LC, does not contain any HM brochures. The secretary of the LC stated regrettably that there is no cooperation between them and Heritage Malta although they have expressed their interest on many occasions. On the other hand, the LC seems to cooperate and consult more freely with MEPA concerning cultural heritage issues. From time to time the council organises cultural and educational outings, however, none of these were done at Ä ¦aÄ ¡ar Qim or Mnajdra WHSs. They have also designed several heritage walks, itineraries through the village of Qrendi and its significant buildings, mainly local chapels and churches, a palace, a tower and a public garden.  [17]   In 2009, the council organized a cultural event From prehistory to the digital era during which one lecture on the temples of Ä ¦aÄ ¡ar Qim and Mnajdra was held. The official website of the LC is available in both Maltese and English. One of the links entitled ArkeoloÄ ¡ija contains three further sections on the archaeological sites around the village, two of which are Ä ¦aÄ ¡ar Qim and Mnajdra. The article on the temples is short but it does mention their WH designation.  [18]  Another link allows access to a number of press releases related to the landfill site controversy issued by the Council.  [19]   At the time of the authors visit, the Tarxien Local Council offices were closed and further efforts to establish contact with an LC representative have failed. The official website contains a couple of links which refer to the temples, although their contents are questionable. The link which describes the history of the village, including several (incorrect) references to the temples, quotes heavily from an outdated book, published in 1932.  [20]  Another link, although entitled Postijiet Interessanti (eng. interesting places), did not find the temples interesting enough to be included in the overview. Finally, the last link brings a short article on the Tarxien temples WHS with three images.  [21]  The website is available in Maltese with Italian translation. 2.4 Cultural Heritage NGOs The two major cultural heritage NGOs in Malta are Din L-art Helwa and Fondazzjoni Wirt Artna which are both interested in various aspects of cultural heritage. Several other NGOs, with varying degrees of involvement, are also included in this overview. Din L-art Helwa (National Trust of Malta) is a voluntary organisation established in 1965. Their mission is protection, conservation, management and maintenance of historic monuments and buildings, taking care of the environment and environmental issues, raising awareness and the promotion of heritage to the public. Din l-Art Helwa functions as a Trust, implying that it is restoring the sites on behalf of the State, the Church, and private owners (Vigilo 2010). Membership in the organisation is open to all. Since 2003, Din l-Art Helwa holds nine properties in trust which were transferred to it by the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage via the first Guardianship deed.  [22]  Sites are manned by volunteers who keep them open for visitors. The Organizations website offers in-depth information about their sites, campaigns and projects. Moreover, it is often updated with information about current events and offers e-mail subscription to their newsletter. There are also many useful publications available for download, such as brochures with proposed walks through their sites and Vigilo, the organisations bulletin. Fondazzjoni Wirt Artna (The Malta Heritage Trust) is a voluntary organisation established in 1987. Their focus lies on restoration, presentation and management of mainly neglected rural and industrial sites, as well as British and medieval military heritage.  [23]   The foundation both owns properties and holds them in trust. Apart from one prehistoric temple in their ownership,  [24]  the rest of the properties are mostly late medieval and 20th century military structures such as ramparts, bastions, forts, towers, bridges and defence posts. There are several sites currently open to public  [25]  which are looked after by the volunteers and paid staff. Wirt Artna is running many different projects as diverse as conservation and restoration works on their properties, historical re-enactments as an interpretation tool (Living history), education and awareness raising about military heritage among schoolchildren (Hands-on Heritage). Membership in the organisation is open to all. The official website of the foundation does not offer a subscription to a newsletter, however, they do make good use of new internet media and opened a group Fondazzjoni Wirt Artna on Facebook, a social networking platform anyone with a Facebook account can join and automatically keep track of the groups updates. The foundations Facebook group also contains photo albums with images of various events they organised. The group currently has 813 members. Wirt GÄawdex is a non-governmental organisation created in 1981 whose activities and projects are primarily concerned with the historical, archaeological and natural heritage of the islands of Gozo and Comino. Wirt GÄawdex is involved in restoration projects on monuments such as late medieval watchtower, chapels, bastions and a gunpowder magazine.  [26]  They are also organizing tours to sites of cultural significance on the islands and holding public lectures. In relation to the Megalithic temples WHS, there has only been one lecture entitled Prehistoric Temples of Gozo, held in April 2010, since the organisation started with the lecture programme in 2006. Furthermore, in the period between 2006 and 2009, there were only a total of eight tours organized, and apart from the visit to Hypogeum and Tarxien Temples in April 2007, there were no other visits to WHS, surprisingly, not even to Ä  gantija which is situated on the island itself. The official website does not offer a newsletter subscription, but some of the issues can be downloaded in .pdf format directly from the site. Membership in this organisation is open to all. The Old Temples Study Foundation (OTSF) is a US non-profit organisation established in 1994 whose mission is to foster education and research related to prehistoric culture in Malta. The foundation has lately only been focused on organising educational travel trips for Americans who wish to visit Malta and holding lectures and exhibitions in the US on Maltese culture and heritage. In the past, the OTSF organised a number of different activities and projects, what follows is a selection of those that were addressed to the Maltese population. Student Prehistoric Heritage Awareness Project: in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and former Museums Department, OTSF published a teachers handbook on Maltese prehistoric heritage which was distributed in Maltese schools. The year the project was undertaken has not been published on their website and there is no possibility to see what the handbook looked like. Tell me about the Maltese temples is another book which evolved from the previous project. It is an illustrated bilingual (Maltese English) book for use in classrooms which was published in year 2000. In 2003, the Foundation organized an international conference entitled Exploring the Maltese Prehistoric Temple Culture (EMPTC) which gathered experts from around the world.  [27]   The OTSF hosts a FAQ section on their official website which provides information on the megalithic culture of Malta for children. The author attempted to arrange a meeting with a representative of the Foundation while in Valletta and left her contact details with the secretary, unfortunately, there was no feedback afterwards. Archaeological society Malta (ASM) is

Characterization of The Duke of Ferrara in My Last Duchess by Robert Br

Characterization of The Duke of Ferrara in My Last Duchess by Robert Browning The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word "officious" during the 19th century as "eager to please; attentive, obliging." In the dramatic monologue, My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, this word describes a servant that is volunteering his service unnecessarily to the Duke of Ferrara’s wife. Although the speaker, the Duke of Ferrara, is speaking of this servant in a negative manner, he wishes his wife to be officious towards him; the Duke of Ferrara wishes to have total control. So, the Duke is both discouraging and discouraging officiousness, depending on whom it is directed. The Duke of Ferrara emphasizes his need for power and control over his wife, and demonstrates obvious signs of being a "control freak," whether it be purposefully or inadvertently, through the style of the dialogue, composition of the dialogue, and the treatment of the messenger that emphasizes the role of the listener. The poem gains the reader’s interest from the very beginning with this line: "That is my last Duche...

King Lear: A Tragedy Essay

In Shakespeare’s, â€Å"King Lear† the structure and elements of tragedy help develop the theme of greed throughout the play. In the first act of the play the reader is introduced to a proble, King Lear is getting old and when he passes away he doesn’t want his three daughters fighting for his kingdom. King Lear decided to play a game with them asking them â€Å"Tell me, my daughters, which of you loves us most, that we may place. Our largest bounty with the largest merit.† The King is playing a very selfish game with his daughters he wants them to tell him how much they love him. Goneril and Regan go along with his game because they both are power hungry and want the biggest part of the kingdom. They even lie to Lear and tell him that they love him more than anything, even more than their husbands. Both sisters are power hungry and selfish willing to put power before the truth. Unlike their youngest sister Cordelia, she refused to lie to her father and to ld him she loved him how any child should love their father. King Lear was angered by this and disowned her vanishing her from the kingdom. Lears actions showed how greedy he was with his daughters love and he wanted to make sure that they spoke his love for him out loud. An element of tragedy that appears in the play is peripeteia. This is shown when King Lear goes from being a powerful king to not being wanted by either of his daughters. Lear first arrived at Goneril place with his 100 man, although Goneril says†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Is most unseemly: hourly they break out In quarrels, bred by their unbounded riots..† Goneril doesn’t want Lear to have that many servants because she is afraid that she they will take over and over real her and she doesn’t’ want that because she wants to keep her power. Later King Lear goes to Regan’s palace but she doesn’t want him either. Both sisters have made up a plan to overrule Lear and make sure he doesn’t go back to ruling again. Goneril and Regan both are power hungry and are willing to pick power over family. Lear went from having all the love of his two daughters to being rejected by them in a series of tragic events. In the last act of the play the reader experiences catharsis, Goneril poisons Regan and later feels the guilt so she kills herself. Cornelia is hung and King Lear dies from the news, The deaths of the family show how throughout the book they every member of the Lear family was driven by greed, except for Cornelia. The audience sees what happened to a family full of greed and that was power driven. In the end no one wins the tragedy takes over. The last act (V) is the closing of the play it shows the results of the events that had occur.

The eNotes Blog Cozy Up with aClassic

Cozy Up with aClassic Who hasnt read a 1,488 page epic of the French Revolution and thought, there should really be a version of this for infants. Nobody. Finally, two brothers are filling the void of classic literature for children under the age of 3. Okay, all mockery aside this is actually seriously cute. (So cute I had to borrow the felt versions of Darcy and Bingley for the cover of our latest Kindle Fire competition.) Meet Cozy Classics: Brothers Jack and Holman Wang teamed up in 2012 to create Cozy Classics, an infant primer board-book series that adapts classic novels into twelve simple,   words that appear alongside photographs of handmade figurines. The brothers create the characters, sets, and props themselves through the painstaking process of needle-felting, a handcraft that involves the shaping of woolen fibers with a barbed needle. Each figure takes between eighteen and twenty-five hours to create. The first two titles- Herman Melvilles  Moby-Dick  and Jane Austens  Pride and Prejudice- were released this past November by Vancouver-based Simply Read Books; the next release, a cozy take on Victor Hugos  Les Misà ©rables, is forthcoming in April. Heres a glimpse of each of Cozy Classics titles so far, every page accompanied by its child-friendly  word. Though the series may be developed for children, I have to say these might be too adorable (and adultly ironic) not to pick up for myself. Look for them in an Urban Outfitters near you soon. Moby Dick Sailor Find Whale Pride and Prejudice Friends Mean Muddy Les Misà ©rables Poor Fire Sad To find out more about Cozy Classics, head to its website here. Still to come in Spring 2013, the Cozy version of War and Peace!

Introduction to the Internet of Things

Introduction to the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, or IoT, isnt as esoteric as it sounds. It simply refers to the interconnection of physical objects, computing devices and encompasses a wide range of emerging technologies such as virtual power plants, intelligent transportation systems and smart cars. One a smaller scale, IoT includes any smart (internet-connected) household item, from lighting to thermostats to televisions.   Broadly speaking, IoT can be thought of as a far-reaching expansion of  internet technology through an ever widening network of products, devices and systems embedded with sensors, software, and other electronic systems. Belonging to an interconnected ecosystem enables them to both generate and exchange data to make them more useful.   History and Origins In 1990, British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee  had just completed work on the critical pieces of technology that formed the foundation of the world wide web: HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) as well as the first Web browser, editor, server, and pages. At the time, the internet existed as a closed network of computers limited to mostly government agencies and research institutions. However, by the early 21st century, the internet had expanded globally and has become one of the most influential technologies in the world. By 2015, more than three billion people have used it to communicate, share content, stream video, purchase goods and services and more. The Internet of Things is poised to be the next big leap in the evolution of the internet with the potential to transform how we work, play and live.   The Business World Some of the most obvious benefits are in the business world. Consumer goods, for example, stand to benefit from IoT throughout the entire supply chain. Factories that utilize automation will be able to connect various systems to eliminate inefficiencies while the cost of transporting and delivering goods can be reduced as real-time data helps to determine the ideal routes. On the retail end, products embedded with sensors will be able to relay performance details and customer feedback to the shops and manufacturers. This information can then be used to streamline the repair process as well as to refine future versions and develop new products.   The use of IoT is industry-specific. Agriculture companies, for example, have already made use of sensors to monitor crops and environmental changes such as soil quality, rainfall, and temperature. This real-time data is then sent to automated farm equipment, which interprets the information to determine how much fertilizer and water to distribute. Meanwhile, the same sensor technologies can be applied in healthcare to enable providers to automatically monitor patients’ vitals.   The Consumer Experience The Internet of Things is poised to shape consumers experiences with technology for years to come. Many standard household devices are available in smart versions, intended to increase convenience and efficiency while lowering cost. Smart  thermostats, for example, integrate user data and ambient data to intelligently control  indoor climate.   As consumers have begun to acquire a growing number of smart devices, a new need has arisen:   technology that can manage and control all IoT devices from a central hub.  These sophisticated program, often called virtual assistants, represent a form of artificial intelligence with a strong reliance on machine learning. Virtual assistants can operate as the control center of an IoT-based  home. The Impact on Public Spaces One of IoTs most significant challenges is large-scale implementation. Integrating IoT devices in a single-family home or multi-story office space is relatively simple, but integrating the technology into an entire community or city is more complex. Many cities have existing infrastructure that would need to be upgraded or entirely revamped in order to implement IoT technology. Nevertheless, there are some success stories. A sensor system in Santander, Spain enables residents to  locate free parking spaces using the citys smartphone app. In South Korea, the smart city of Songdo was built from scratch in 2015. Another smart city - Knowledge City, in Guangzhou, China - is in the works.   The Future of IoT Despite the rapid development  of the Internet of Things, major  barriers remain. Any device that connects to a network, from a laptop to a pacemaker, can be hacked. Consumers, business, and governments alike share concerns about the risk of security breaches if IoT were to become more  widespread. The more personal data our devices generate, the greater the risk of identity fraud and data breaches. IoT also intensifies concerns about cyber warfare. Still, the Internet of Things continues to grow.  From something as simple as a lightbulb that can be turned on and off with an app, to something as complex as network of cameras that sends traffic information to municipal systems to better coordinate emergency response, IoT presents a variety of intriguing possibilities for the future of technology.

Free Essays on Personality.

, people may be described in terms of likelihood of their behaving, feeling, or thinking in a particular way. For example, the likelihood of their acting outgoing and friendly or feeling nervous and worried. Trait is a basic unit of personality and is biological basis. Human behavior and personality can be organized into a hierarchy that is shown in the works of Hans Eysenck. The concept of trait assumes that behavior follow some patterns, regularity overtime and across situations. Trait approach to understand personalit... Free Essays on Personality. Free Essays on Personality. There are four different approaches to understand personality. They are psychoanalytic and pschodynamic, phenomenological, learning and trait approaches. This paper concentrates on the trait approach. Personality theories The working definition of personality means characteristic of the person that account for consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving. However, for the trait theorists, their definitions are quite unique. Gordon Allport states that the most important structures of personality are those that permit the description of the person in terms of individual characteristics. Thus, the basic unit of personality is personal dispositions, which he called  ¡Ã‚ ¥trait ¡Ã‚ ¦ and his personality was utilized the concept of personal dispositions. Raymond B. Cattell defined personality as  ¡Ã‚ ¥that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situations ¡Ã‚ ¦. This prediction can be measured and described by the source traits. Hans J. Eysenck states that behavior can be considered in terms of specific responses that some of them are linked together and form more general habits. Groups of habits occur together to form traits. He defined traits as  ¡Ã‚ ¥important semi-permanent personality disposition ¡Ã‚ ¦ (1981,p.3). Concept of trait theory The basic assumption of the trait point of view is that people possess broad predisposition, called traits, to respond in particular ways. In order words, people may be described in terms of likelihood of their behaving, feeling, or thinking in a particular way. For example, the likelihood of their acting outgoing and friendly or feeling nervous and worried. Trait is a basic unit of personality and is biological basis. Human behavior and personality can be organized into a hierarchy that is shown in the works of Hans Eysenck. The concept of trait assumes that behavior follow some patterns, regularity overtime and across situations. Trait approach to understand personalit...

Jesus-ChristI am statement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jesus-ChristI am statement - Research Paper Example Although the Old Testament manifestly described the characteristics accredited to Christ’s sacred personality, yet a large number of the Jews of Nazareth turned against him out of sheer feelings of jealousy, and thus refused to recognize him as the promised Messiah . Instead of acknowledging the qualities and character of this great holy personality, the people raised unconditional opposition against Jesus for worldly gains, pecuniary benefits and temporary socioeconomic statuses. They not only refuted to comply with the bright teachings Jesus had brought along with him, but also proved themselves as his arch enemies in such a manner that they were determined to assassinate the holy personality in order to sabotage the spread of holy light in the world. Although, they claimed to be the people of God and having command as well as right to interpret and explain the Mosaic laws described in the Ten Commandments revealed on Moses from the Lord, yet they were actually the transgres sors and had gone astray from the right path of glory and righteousness. They used to cite Scriptures for their own purposes, and put aside all the noble teachings in their conduct and mannerism. It is therefore Christ had declared them as the hypocrites, who had separated mercy and justice while making judgments and announcing decisions in the light of Mosaic laws. (Matt, 23, II: 23-24) He was pelted with stones and was tormented and tortured, but his foot never wavered in the face of hardships. â€Å"The Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.† (Matthew 20:28) Somehow, the sacred message was to get popularized in every corner of the universe. It is therefore the Lord saved Jesus from becoming prey to the nefarious designs articulated by the king and masses of the era for the elimination of the teachings presented by Jesus and his noble message from the very face of the world. Book of John throws light on the same, and t he verses under analysis point out to the Jesus’ last days of his First Arrival on the earth. In the Book of John 7-8, Jesus Christ not only appears to be aware of the hatred and malice the Jews maintained in their minds and hearts for him, but also looks well-acquainted with the very conspiracy well-knitted against his life by the people of Nazareth. He expressively reveals the ill intentions of his enemies, and warns them that they could not reach his destination even devising conspiracies and intrigues against him due to the very reality that they were unaware of Jesus’ journey and destination (in the high heavens). He clearly reveals that his arrival and departure is completely dependent of the will of God (John 7:29), and hence he has been appointed by Him to convey to the people the noble message of God. It is therefore he is not afraid of any threat or challenge arose by the people of Nazareth against Christ. In the verse under-analysis, Jesus rightly declares h imself as the light of the world, which would illuminate all parts and corners of the world by grace of his noble teachings, extreme tolerance, mercy, love, compassion and kindness he always displayed while entering into encounters and interactions with others. His mercy was not confined to one stratum only; on the contrary, he showed great love and meekness

Topic in Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Topic in Instruction - Essay Example In order to do this kind of advertising practices cowgirl has to link their company website to the mentioned search engines. The behavior of consumer is changing rapidly in this modern era of globalization. After the Second World War due to globalization the attraction of people is changing towards the advanced technology. Moreover by the website advertising strategy company can target a mass number of customers. This strategy will lower the advertising cost of the products of cowgirl chocolate as the company has to invest lees in this total page of commercial than the print media marketing (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010, p.153). The real fact is that many customers are linked by the internet while the readers of magazines are in limited numbers. In terms of product packaging strategy, company need not look for the creativity or artistic to pack the products. The quality of food product can do the appropriate market segmentation. Cowgirl chocolate should look for the suppliers who will supply the packaging raw material at a lower price. These two aspects can increase the profitability of the organization. Demand-based Pricing The major competency of cowgirl chocolate is that they launched chocolate products with a kick of little spiciness. Moreover the strategy will help cowgirl chocolate to expand their business market by creating various products that can attract the people of both old and new generation. It has seen from the case that their specialty regarding all the food products is on the top but people tend to buy the low price chocolate products than the expensive one. Due to different pricing of different products, customer can actually go for the better priced product. The new products like sweet chocolates are being used to appeal people to buy the products. As a result people can go for the sweet chocolates than the others due to variety of price level. When a product has higher demand then it is easy to decide when and how to increase the price of the product but when a product’s demand is decreasing then it is a tough task to do the pricing of that particular product (Stretton, 1999, p.153). They can take some strategies like customer feedback which can help cowgirl chocolates to do the market segmentation and the pricing strategies. Competition-based Pricing There are very few chocolate companies who are competitor of cowgirl chocolate. Cowgirl chocolate competes with the competitors to achieve the self-space at various retail outlets. In order to discuss the merits of competition-based pricing it is very much necessary to find who the competitors of the company are and what are the competitive advantages the company has? The advantage as well as the limitation of cowgirl chocolate has the pricing strategy due to various product lines. Cowgirl chocolate is facing the major competition from the sweet chocolate producing companies. The competitive advantages of cowgirl chocolate are attractive packaging and exceptional ta ste of products. Answer 2 Merlyn took an attempt to place her chocolates in the retail houses and got success by this attempt. However, the problem arises when cowgirl chocolate was unable to cut down the operational cost. As per as pricing, Cowgirl chocolate may consider four pricing strategies such as Promotional Pricing, Demand-based Pricing, Premium Pricing and Price lining. Cowgirl chocolate has adopted demand based pricing strategy as per different products. They

Journal 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Journal 7 - Essay Example A non-native exposed to a supportive environment is more likely to learn good English twice as first as a non-native exposed to a less supportive setting. Nevertheless, it is the primary responsibility for the non-natives to work hard to attain good pronunciations and grammar. They should practice on word pronunciations and be ready to learn from the natives. Pronouncing words slowly is a working solution towards overcoming an accent, and it has mutual advantage since the listener can understand, and the speaker perfects on better pronunciations of English words. Non-native speakers experience word selection problems while conversing with the other people. Poor word selection can lead to the listener failing to understanding the speaker or creation of wrong perceptions. The sentences below shows how of wrong pronunciation of words by non-natives create wrong understanding to the listener. Non-native: having a â€Å"desert† makes me happy and I look forward to having one each time. - Most non-natives have problems pronouncing the word dessert and pronounce it as desert that would create a new meaning to the sentence. Avoiding such words and using simple terms is necessary for the non-native to converse clearly. It would have been easier for a non-native to say â€Å"I enjoy taking something different after a main meal† A native speaker would have clearly understood the meaning Non-native: I â€Å"accept† the terms and conditions. – Non-natives have problems pronouncing the words accept and expect and in such a sentence, wrong pronunciation would affect the meaning to the listener. Using a different word such â€Å"I agree with the terms and conditions† would have been easier to pronounce, and the listener would have understood. In conclusion, the people around a non-native speaker can be very influential to how well he/she learns English. Correct choice of words is crucial for the effectiveness of dialogues and better

Narrative criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Narrative criticism - Essay Example es of narrative criticism have emerged; some people have claimed that narrative criticism is a fundamental tool in communication processes owing to the fact that it facilitates the understanding of texts and how they reflect on human life structures, thus creating a platform for information sharing and exchange (Pullman, 7). As a method of literary analysis, this approach has been a subject of negative and positive criticism. To begin with, some scholars have claimed that the application narrative criticism is majorly based on a dimension of literary analysis that allows readers to assess literary works in a holistic manner, by noting different characteristics and styles that are similar to other literary works, taking into consideration, the beginning, middle as well as the end (Powell, 3). On the other hand, some narrative critics have asserted that it is basically a method that does not focus on a holistic analysis of literary works, but rather focus on specific elements of literary works, which seem relevant to the story line or the main theme. Moreover, this group of critics has claimed the narrative criticism is a basic tool for literary analysis that engages its readers through understanding how the literary works relate with real life experiences (Byron, 13). This is usually achieved through various points of view passed by the narrators and relating them to the real life experiences of its readers. According to Allan Powell (1990), Narrative criticism can be considered a function of events. This is because in its application, a high sense of priority is given to the text from the ideas of ‘implied readers’ and ‘implied author’: The essence of implied author as well as implied reader are usually determined by signatures emerging from the text. Powell also asserts that narrative criticism is a function of events, basically due to the fact that it involves taking into consideration characters and settings of a literary analysis that forms its

Media Violation on Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Violation on Children - Essay Example Members of the media get expected to carry themselves with high levels of integrity due to the great influence that media has on society (Barbara 87). There exist various forms of media. These forms include television, radio, print media and even the film industry. Whereas all these forms have considerable amounts of influence on people, film and movies have the greatest influence. The film industry is a multibillion dollar industry that controls people’s lives. Films and movies control fashion, influence the economy, create a perception of what the society is to accept as right and wrong, and educate the greater society on different aspects of life such as religion, art and entertainment. The massive influence that these movies have on society cannot be ignored (Beatty 77). A clear indication on the extent of influence that movies have can be seen by the numbers of people who go out to watch movies when they get screened. Studies have shown that movie and cinema halls carry the bulk of the audiences as compared to other public gatherings such as churches and public lectures. The crowds that these movies pull show up because of the influence that these movies have on them (Freedman 46). Children get especially influenced by films. This is so because they do not have a sense of discernment. In the early stages of development of a child, the difference between right and wrong is not clear. They cannot tell what is of benefit to them and what will hurt them. This would explain the reason why some movies emphasize parental guidance. When the parent or guardian is not available to help the child differentiate right and wrong, the children could take up negative traits seen in the movies (Sandra 124). Recently, a child got critically injured and had to be hospitalized for months due to some form of media violation. The child, who many describe to be a fan of the Spiderman

Auditing-Accsys Technologies Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Auditing-Accsys Technologies Plc - Case Study Example It is exposed to overestimation of financial figures as in the current fiscal it has adopted IFRS for the group has a whole and follows UK, GAAP for its parent company. Unlike in GAAP, under IFRS it requires companies to value financial items at fair market value. If the market value of the asset is more than its written down value, it will lead to overestimation that increases the inherent risk (Carcello & Nagy, 2004). Accsys Technologies Plc has revised its accounting reporting standards from GAAP to IFRS for its group as a whole and not for the parent or subsidiary companies. It adopted IFRS 13 and IAS 1 for the current period. IFRS 13 fair value measurement implies that the value of the financial and non financial items will be recorded in the books at market price which includes inventory, assets, investments, etc. The change in reporting standard might exhibit highly geared assets i.e. assets might have a relative low price in the domestic market compared to the value of its final product. Accsys Plc reported a 78% increase in its revenue and the EBITDA margin for its Arnhem plant was â‚ ¬2.4 million compared to a loss of â‚ ¬.9 million in the last fiscal. The resulting difference in the operating income and loss is a key indicator of its reporting mechanism than its increased demand in the global market (Accesys Technologies, 2015). In the current fiscal Accsys discontinued its licensing partnership with Diamond Wood China Ltd and as per the order of the tribunal was supposed to pay  £1.6 million. It also incurred legal costs of  £.6 million. Such transactions did not feature in its annual report of 2014 and thus clearly indicates the risk of misstatement i.e. arising out of error or intentional actions (Khurana & Raman, 2008). Accsys Plc is in the practice of recognising all cost of revenue to the Arnhem manufacturing plant if it cannot be recognised with the licensee.

Narrative criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Narrative criticism - Essay Example es of narrative criticism have emerged; some people have claimed that narrative criticism is a fundamental tool in communication processes owing to the fact that it facilitates the understanding of texts and how they reflect on human life structures, thus creating a platform for information sharing and exchange (Pullman, 7). As a method of literary analysis, this approach has been a subject of negative and positive criticism. To begin with, some scholars have claimed that the application narrative criticism is majorly based on a dimension of literary analysis that allows readers to assess literary works in a holistic manner, by noting different characteristics and styles that are similar to other literary works, taking into consideration, the beginning, middle as well as the end (Powell, 3). On the other hand, some narrative critics have asserted that it is basically a method that does not focus on a holistic analysis of literary works, but rather focus on specific elements of literary works, which seem relevant to the story line or the main theme. Moreover, this group of critics has claimed the narrative criticism is a basic tool for literary analysis that engages its readers through understanding how the literary works relate with real life experiences (Byron, 13). This is usually achieved through various points of view passed by the narrators and relating them to the real life experiences of its readers. According to Allan Powell (1990), Narrative criticism can be considered a function of events. This is because in its application, a high sense of priority is given to the text from the ideas of ‘implied readers’ and ‘implied author’: The essence of implied author as well as implied reader are usually determined by signatures emerging from the text. Powell also asserts that narrative criticism is a function of events, basically due to the fact that it involves taking into consideration characters and settings of a literary analysis that forms its

Auditing-Accsys Technologies Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Auditing-Accsys Technologies Plc - Case Study Example It is exposed to overestimation of financial figures as in the current fiscal it has adopted IFRS for the group has a whole and follows UK, GAAP for its parent company. Unlike in GAAP, under IFRS it requires companies to value financial items at fair market value. If the market value of the asset is more than its written down value, it will lead to overestimation that increases the inherent risk (Carcello & Nagy, 2004). Accsys Technologies Plc has revised its accounting reporting standards from GAAP to IFRS for its group as a whole and not for the parent or subsidiary companies. It adopted IFRS 13 and IAS 1 for the current period. IFRS 13 fair value measurement implies that the value of the financial and non financial items will be recorded in the books at market price which includes inventory, assets, investments, etc. The change in reporting standard might exhibit highly geared assets i.e. assets might have a relative low price in the domestic market compared to the value of its final product. Accsys Plc reported a 78% increase in its revenue and the EBITDA margin for its Arnhem plant was â‚ ¬2.4 million compared to a loss of â‚ ¬.9 million in the last fiscal. The resulting difference in the operating income and loss is a key indicator of its reporting mechanism than its increased demand in the global market (Accesys Technologies, 2015). In the current fiscal Accsys discontinued its licensing partnership with Diamond Wood China Ltd and as per the order of the tribunal was supposed to pay  £1.6 million. It also incurred legal costs of  £.6 million. Such transactions did not feature in its annual report of 2014 and thus clearly indicates the risk of misstatement i.e. arising out of error or intentional actions (Khurana & Raman, 2008). Accsys Plc is in the practice of recognising all cost of revenue to the Arnhem manufacturing plant if it cannot be recognised with the licensee.

Nature And Nurture Influences On Child Essay Example for Free

Nature And Nurture Influences On Child Essay When it comes to child development there are two major influences. These influences are nature which are traits we inherit and nurture which are the traits we learn. Nature and nurture are different in several ways but they both play an important role in child development. Although they both influence development the topic of which has the greatest influence in frequently debated. This paper will describe the relationship between nature and nurture, explain the biological, environmental, societal, and cultural influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture, and discuss whether nature or nurture has the most influence on child development. Nature and nurture are different in several ways but share one similarity which is the fact that they both have an influence on child development. Both of them play an important role in how children develop as well as the type of people they will grow up to be. In the video â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture in Child Development† Shirael Pollack states that children are born with some traits and characteristics while they learn others (Pollack, S. n. d. ). Nature is one(s) genes. The traits and characteristics that they inherit such as skin tone, eye color, and hair color. Nurture is what they are taught or what they learn from the people around them such as manners; learning to say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you†. There are different influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture. These influences are biological, environmental, societal, and cultural. Nature is responsible for the biological influences. Biological influences are traits that are passed parents to their children. They include appearance, talents, and abilities, and also certain illnesses (Groark, C. , McCarthy, S. Kirk, A. , 2014). Nurture is responsible for environmental influences. These are things that are in a child(s) environment that they are exposed to or experience. Nurture can also be NATURE AND NURTURE 3 responsible for cultural and societal influences on child development which can be instilled subtly through natural interactions with others. The cultural and societal influences can be direct and indirect impacts of culture, race, and ethnicity as well as the powerful effects of economics, gender roles, marriage, divorce, single parenthood, and religion (Groark, C. , McCarthy, S. Kirk, A. , 2014). No matter what type of influence there is on child development it is either related to nature or nurture. Some people believe that nature and nurture are partners because of the fact that they both play a role in child development. However, theorists have different views about the two. Some theorists believe that nature is ultimately responsible for growth while other theorists believe that children become whatever their environment shapes them into (McDevitt, 2010). Regardless of what the different views of theorists are on the topic of nature versus nurture, the fact of the matter is that both of them play a role in how children develop and have some type of impact on what and how they will be when they grow up. Both nature and nurture play important roles in child development. Regardless of if one has more of an influence than the other, the fact is that they both impact how children develop. Truth of the matter is that they are different but share one important factor which is the fact that they help make children who they are. This paper described the relationship between nature and nurture, explained the biological, environmental, societal, and cultural influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture, and also discussed which of the two influences is more influential than the other. NATURE AND NURTURE 4 References Groark, C. , McCarthy, S. Kirk, A. (2014). Early child development: From theory to practice. Bridgepoint Education: San Diego, CA. McDevitt, T. M. (2010). Nature and nurture: Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/nature-nurture/ Pollack, S. (n. d. ). Nature vs. nurture in child development [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www. howcast. com/videos/513307-Nature-vs-Nurture-Child-Development.

A Critical Evaluation Of Aquaponics

A Critical Evaluation Of Aquaponics Aquaponics can be defined as a semi closed system in which requirements for the cultivation of fish and plants are continuously cycled. The process can best be described as a combination of hydroponics, and recycling aquaculture in that its a system that combines the growth of plants solely in nutrient rich water (removing the need for soils), with the cultivation of fish in a water cycle (Oxford Dictionaries, 2012). The concept behind the process is that a source of food is fed to the fish in the tank; effluents build up including ammonia which is pumped into a bed of stones containing bacterium which converts ammonia from the fish effluents into nitrates via nitrification, these nitrates aid plant growth on a medium such as gravel or clay pebbles, the water then filters back sans ammonia into the fish tank where the cycle begins again. This effectively means that the only two continuous inputs are energy to power the pump, and food to feed the fish. It removes the need to use nutrients from soil, including the need to fertilise intensively farmed soils, and reduces water use in the long run. The idea is to cultivate plant produce such as lettuce and to (on larger scale aquaponic set ups) cultivate fish for consumption such as Tilapia. The theory behind aquaponics and its application are relatively new, although there is evidence behind ancient implementation of similar practices such as the cultivation of rice in South East Asia in addition to fish such as Oriental Loach (Kaori, et al, 2009). Therefore, the science behind aquaponics, including academic research into the topic is relatively thin on the ground, although with modern demand from an increasing global population, this is set to increase exponentially. There is substantial promise and benefits to be gained from the aquaponics theory. As mentioned, a rising population, particularly in urbanised areas with limited space means that the versatility of the process is extremely valuable. However the practise does have criticisms to do with the sustainability of raising fish on such an intensive scale, and the complexity of the process when compared to traditional farming and gardening. Aquaponics has a clear relationship with fisheries and agriculture, as can be seen by the aquaculture and crop yield components, however evidence also suggest that aquaponics also relates to conservation and restoration ecology, in that this form of agriculture and aquacultures are both less demanding in terms of space. The aquaponics process relies on a series of initial investments to start it initially a holding tank for the livestock, a pump, grow beds, and a growth medium. Alongside this, there needs to be a continuous input of water (on a small scale after the initial fill up), electricity, and fish food in whatever form such as traditional feed or black fly larvae. It is argued that this means aquaponics is a much more sustainable system than traditional agriculture. (Sikawa, 2010) It can also be argued that the system is more efficient than hydroponics (which also removes the need for soils the most unsustainable part of intensive agriculture) since theres no need to add nitrates into it. Therefore it can be argued that aquaponics is a vastly superior form of agriculture in terms of sustainability. However, it can be argued that despite clear improvement on unsustainable practises in other forms of agriculture (soil use and fertilisers); aquaponics is not as sustainable as initially suggested. The main evidence to support this is the use of fish food to feed the fish livestock; in larger and commercial aquaponics set ups the feed (fish food pellets rather than flakes) is typically made up from smaller bait fish which have been grown especially to be ground up into fish food, or from by catch not fit for human consumption (IFFO, 2006) (although, it is possible to harvest black fly larvae or duckweed to support fish stocks). This practise means that fish food, more so on larger scales, is an unsustainable form of feed, thus making intensive aquaponics systems an unsustainable practise. Despite this, in comparison to traditional cash crop agriculture, and greenhouse culture it removes the intensive pressure upon soils, and removes the need for fertilisers. Compared to agriculture with rotational crops (e.g. one year wheat, one year potatoes, one year left to recover) it can still be argued to better reduce the unsustainable pressure on soils. Compared to hydroponics, it can be argued to be more sustainable since it doesnt rely upon nutrients being added via fertilisers. Aquaculture too, can be argued to have the same unsustainable flaw as aquaponics, in that they both require fish food to be added to the cycle. Therefore, aquaponics can be argued to be more sustainable than many forms of agriculture and aquaculture, but it cannot (in its intensive form) be argued as entirely sustainable. Evidence also shows water conservation, with one scientist (Lennard, 2005) suggesting that water use may be less than 10% of the water required for a standard yield via traditional intensive agriculture being evidence to support the claims of improved sustainability versus other forms of agriculture. Alongside this, aquaponics is easily compatible with other sustainable practices. For example, vermiculture can be practised by using the organic waste from harvested yields to feed worm growth, which in turn can be used as fish feed. And the inclusion of a compost module inside a greenhouse containing an aquaponics set up (also by utilising organic waste such as the discarded fish parts) can be used as a free heat source; this will increase growth and the growing season thus increasing the yield. Further evidence shows that the reduced need for land and water (Robertson, 2005) space compared to typical intensive agriculture (since yields are higher in smaller spaces) means that less erosion occurs, since if aquaponics reaches the popularity where it reduces the amount of intensive outdoor agriculture that occurs, less ploughing of fields will occur, and a reduced amount of land will lay bare over winter when the most weathering occurs. Evidence suggests that a reduction in land used for agriculture means that more land will/ can be used for other forms of land use. For example, if agricultural land is returned to a more natural state, this can mean greater biodiversity occurring something that has a lot of resources contributed to. Evidence suggests that aquaponics has the potential to be a large scale and viable food source in a vast range of environments. Since the system relies primarily on sunlight, shelter/ warmth, electricity and a variable amount of water, it can be implemented wherever these conditions are met, i.e. in buildings worldwide, and many outdoor tropical locations. This makes it an incredible versatile form of agriculture, for many variations are possible, e.g. a saltwater paradigm. One example of this is the implementation of urban agriculture and aquaculture in the form of aquaponics, this is especially important in modern agriculture since food and space demands are at their highest ever levels, and with urban populations now being higher than rural population, maximising productivity is becoming ever more essential. To add to this, creating artificial conditions for agriculture and urban populations being far from areas of typical agriculture means that food miles and carbon release can b e reduced by growing crops locally, especially ones that wont survive in that environment outdoors, e.g. chillis can be grown indoors in the UK. To add to this, evidence shows that agriculture conducted indoors such as hydroponics, and of course aquaponics suffers significantly less yield loss when compared to outdoor normal agriculture, especially pesticide free organic crop yields that are becoming increasingly popular. This is because of a combination of having a more controlled environment which minimises the risk from flooding and drought, as well as reducing pathogens and pests that feed upon the crop yield, as well as affect the fish stocks with fish diseases being a significant problem that affects the high density aquaculture systems, compared to the very low density wild fish stocks which are effected much less (Tidwell, 2012). Theres also evidence to suggest that the quality of produce grown in an aquaponic system is very high, for example theres a lack of both artificial pesticides and fertilisers used in the entire system, since the system is heavily regulated, in an artificial environment, and apart from fish feed its a closed system. Further evidence to support this is the quality of the nutrients from the nutrient cycle, in that its clearly (as can be seen by the rates of growth) comparable to a good quality soil (Rakocy, et al., 2004). Speed of the growth of crop yield and fish stocks are variable, the variables being; pH levels, heat in terms of both the water and the air temperature, whether the set up is indoor (most common) or outdoor, the fish to plant ratio, the age of the set up, and the growth medium. The fish stocks in an aquaponics system are vulnerable since they are high density to fish disease if an infected individual is added. The inclusion of an infected individual is very unlikely and much more manageable than infection control in an aquaculture system, due to the scale and often because they are in the ocean. The increase protection was having a more controlled environment also means that no pesticides have to be used (unless an infection is identified from an outside source), and the nutrient cycle system means that fertilisers also dont need to be used. Therefore, evidence suggests that aquaculture has significantly higher yields due to a combination of an increased survival rate, and greater protection from the elements, as well as the protection of the nutrient sources. However, there is evidence supporting criticism of the viability of aquaponics as a large scale food source. Primarily, theres an issue regarding the acceptance of a food source that is considerably different from traditional agriculture, especially given the modern day demand for organic produce. Consumers may be put off by the thought of food grown without soils, or being fertilised by fish effluent, regardless of how organic or intensive agriculture have their nutrients provided. Another issue is related to this is acceptance of the fish crop, Tilapia can be argued as most suitable for aquaponics (since they are hardy, freshwater fish) this is not a widely eaten fish in the UK, although other foreign populations may be more accepting, and the British may take to it soon (BBC, 2009), and theres difficulty in the suitability of other fish that would be eaten by a British population, e.g. trout their size and space demands being an issue. Although the requirements in terms of labour are relatively low, they do still have a significant financial cost, and a financial commitment for its maintenance, this may be an issue for many potential aquaponics farmers. To add to this, it is arguably much more complicated than normal small scale agriculture where planting your crops and occasional pruning is most of whats necessary, whilst aquaponics requires a correct set up, monitoring and maintenance. In regards to the variables that affect the rate of growth; pH is important since it slows the nitrification capacity of the bacterium, which in turn slows down growth rates of the plants. Heat is explanatory, since lower temperatures mean less growth, this includes fish stocks, also to be noted is that many fish require certain and different temperatures to realise their growth potential. General build quality and design have large impacts too. (Storey, 2012) The growth medium also affects the rate of nitrification since more bacterium means more nitrification, different types of growth mediums have different surface areas and suitability. The fish to plant ration also matters because if theres an imbalance, there can be ammonia build up causing deaths amongst the fish (if theres too many fish), and poor growth rates can occur if theres too little fish, or too many plants (Rakocy, et al. 2006) As the evidence suggests, theres many complications that affect productivity. Despite this, aquaponics can be argued to be far less complex and cheaper than hydroponics and aquaculture are, and require less initial investment. Because of these requirements, it can be argued that aquaponics would be unlikely to overtake modern agriculture as the main food source for a very long time. As the above evidence suggests, aquaponics does have a large potential as a widespread and viable food source mostly due to its versatility and low resource requirements, however it can be seen that there are several factors which set major limitations that affect this potential. Regardless, it can be concluded that there is a significant avenue for potential in food production and adoption via aquaponics, once the major limitations such as standardising the information (see later) have been overcome, as well as the need for adapting current systems to suit different markets, and addressing the lack of information altogether have been overcome. Whats more though, aquaponics has the potential to be implemented alongside alternative sources of energy. For example, because of the energy requirements and the need for sunlight for the crop, solar energy is often a viable form of energy to supplement the pump this will in turn drive forward investment in solar energy, which regardless of other factors, reduces energy reliance on fossil fuels. This means that hydroponics has a slight capacity to increase renewable energies although this is relatively unproven, the evidence to support this is that many participants goal in aquaponics is to create a renewable food source, or in commercial farms, the/ a goal is to maximise profit. Aquaponics is a very new science, with its beginnings starting in the 1960s via the New Alchemy Institutes creation of an ark a bio shelter using sustainable cycles to support a family of four (Todd, Todd and MacLarney, 1969). Because of this, research conducted and information about the process is particularly scarce. Evidence suggests that the process has a huge potential, and potential for research. This is also backed up by commercial potential which can become a significant driver behind advancement as evidence shows such as the massive investment in organic farming occurred once it became apparent there was a market for it. To add to this, evidence suggests that educational and financial investment will occur, this means that aquaponics is a strong contender for scientific research, and to make money. Despite the scientific and financial interest, there is the potential that the relative newness and how unknown the topic is currently has negative effects on its viability and potential. There is the possibility of market contenders hindering investment and progress of competitors in order to reduce competition as evidence suggests occur (as can be seen in patent battles in research technology in general). The little research conducted may prove too daunting for amateurs and beginners to invest their time into if they are unsure of exact details and results. This hindrance of grassroots organisation and investments of time and energy can result in a slowdown of contributing to the science. To continue this avenue of criticism, system failure and the massive variability of results can both be detrimental for the viability of aquaponics. For example, the system entwines electronics and water containing fish stocks incidents can and does occur where system failure has resulted in the loss of an entire yield (e.g. from electrocution); another example is the inclusions of ammonia sometimes used to kick start the cultivation of the bacterium that converts ammonia into nitrates, too much of which can kill livestock. And, since aquaponics relies on a cycle, it can have detrimental effects on the other half of the yield grown it can also mean the whole cycle will have to be reset and started again. Therefore, the evidence suggests that aquaponics has significant issues that are detrimental to the continuation and progress conducted in the field of aquaponics such as it being relatively unknown, and having little research conducted, as well as the variable and volatile results . Evidence also shows the viability and usage of aquaponics for scientific research. Hydroponics has long been used to scientific research; this is because of several benefits over traditional soil based agriculture: namely the increased stability allowing more standardised results, e.g. reduced water, less disease potential, easier harvesting and yield stabilisation. Aquaponics, alongside hydroponics and other variation of ponic agriculture (ponic meaning labour or grown in an artificial manner) such as aeroponics (an environment with a fine mist) and bubbleponics (highly oxygenated and nutrient rich bubbles) has an established and establishing scientific use, as can be seen by NASAs Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) research and its funding of aquaponic research, this is to identify uses for terraforming and for long term (i.e. for several years long) space exploration for use in the future. (AG Horticulture, n.d.) Conversely, evidence does suggest that for the scientific community, hydroponics may be the preferred and most suitable form of agriculture, and that aquaponics has factors that inhibit its usefulness and potential for scientific research; mainly that the inclusive of an aquaculture element is an unnecessary inclusion that complicates and increases any workload that only requires the crop yield rather than the fish stock element. For example, research in biology that requires a yield of quickly grown crops such as lettuce would not require a yield of Tilapia which would be unnecessary, as well as an unneeded expense when research funds are often already limited. Therefore, evidence suggests that as a scientific tool, aquaponics is viable for some forms of research, and naturally can be the subject of massive amounts of research; however for a large part of the scientific community, hydroponics or aquaculture may prove to be far more suitable for meeting the requirements of the resea rch. Commercial viability is typically one of the main driving forces behind the advancements in scientific research. There are many, many examples of this ranging from the oil industries drilling technology being well advanced due to the massive market for fossil fuels (e.g. deepwater drilling in the Gulf of Mexico that became economically viable with rising oil prices, meaning that investment into the technology began) to the investment in the Panda breeding program, which was partly fuelled by the tourism money it brought into China (Chengdu Panda Base, 2007). Therefore, if aquaponics is commercially viable to be a competitor to aquaculture, and agriculture it can be argued that financial investment in the system will increase, speeding up development. Due to the versatility of the system, it can be adapted to grow a wide variety of crops such as herbs, spices, vegetables, and fruits, with root vegetables typically being the major group that is unable to be grown. On the livestock side, many types of fish can be grown (although typically freshwater) including trout, perch and catfish the most common fish is Tilapia. Due to the vast variety of plants and fish that can be grown, and other factors such as climate, nutrient balance and construction quality, it is very difficult to determine is a profit can be made on that particular set up and that aquaponics in general has the potential for economic investment and return. Looking at prior evidence does suggest that yields from an aquaponics system are typically higher than those of a field based production in terms of agricultural yield. For example, research by Nick Savidov, 2002 in Alberta, Canada (a prime market location in that its too northerly to grow their own hot weather crops such as bell peppers, and with a large enough population so there is a demand) with technical assistance from Dr. James Rakocy showed that tomato crop yields in an aquaponics system were 10-15% higher than field yields, as well as 100 cucumbers per meter-2 a year far exceeding organic greenhouse yields in the region, Savidov suggests. Research conducted by Rakocy, et al (2004) the University of the Virgin Islands (one of the world leaders in aquaponic research, as well as where Rakocy is based) shows that basil production yields far exceeded those that could be grown in the field. His research showed that the aquaponic set up in the Virgin Islands produced 7.8 kg of basil m2 a year in field production using a staggered technique where a yield of a certain size was planted in order to mature at different dates ensuring a continuous harvest. This is compared to aquaponic production of 23.4 kg m2 of basil was produced in a staggered set up, whilst a batch production (i.e. all crops were grown to capacity at the same time and repeated for the year) resulted in 25 kg m2 of basil in a single year, it should be noted however that Rakocys research concluded that the batch production was unsustainable because of the stresses it put upon the fish stock for nutrients. Regardless, income provided by batch, staggered and field production were: $117700, $110210 and $36808 respectively across the 214m2 production area (USD in 2004 values). This is not including the Tilapia harvest, which was staggered to harvest every six weeks; Nile tilapia were stock at 77 fish m3 and Red tilapia were stocked at 154 fish m3 with a total capacity of 31.2m3 divided into four 7.8m3 tanks. Projected annual production was 4.16 mt and 4.78 mt (metric tonnes) for Nile and Red tilapia respectively, the report didnt value the Tilapia, although Globefish, 2011 (Food and Agriculture Organisation funded, represented by the UN) reported a 2011 USD price of 1.30-2 per kg of fresh tilapia with 0.95 USD being a good price for farmers, meaning that the University of the Virgin Islands has an annual yield potential value for the four year experiment of 8940 kg of $8493 to $17880 per year. Therefore, this evidence shows that under these conditions (water stressed Virgin Islands, US e conomy, local climate, professional guidance) that a substantial income can be made after initial investments in a large scale production facility; this means that evidence shows there is significant potential for economic return once initial investments has been made, which Rakocy(n.d.) agrees to. In conclusion, evidence shows that aquaponics has significant value in terms of food production, commercial viability, scientific value for research, and sustainability for long term use, throughout the world. It also has massive potential for these factors, and evidence suggests that aquaponics will expand in terms of popularity, food production as well as commercial and scientific interest. As a result, it can be concluded that aquaponics has its faults, but in general it is a valuable and worthwhile system with great potential.

Comparison between Adele Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz Essay

Comparison between Adele Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz In order to help to get a point or idea across it is not uncommon to provide two stark contrasts to assist in conveying the point. Writers commonly use this technique in their writing especially when dealing with a story that concerns the evolution of a character. An example of such writing can be found in Kate Chopin's The Awakening. The novel deals with Edna Pontellier's "awakening" from the slumber of the stereotypical southern woman, as she discovers her own identity independent of her husband and children. In order to illustrate the woman that Edna can become in The Awakening, Chopin creates two opposing forces Adele Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz for her best friends that not only contrast each other but also represent different genres of women in Creole society. Adele Rataignolle serves as not only the epitome of the nineteenth-century woman but as Chopin's model of the perfect Creole "mother-woman". Adele's gold spun hair, sapphire blue eyes, and crimson lips made her strikingly beautiful even though she was beginning to grow a bit stout. A devoted wife and mother Adele idolizes her children and worships her husband. Her days are spent caring for her children, performing household duties, and ensuring the happiness of her husband. Even while vacationing at Grand Isle over the summer she thinks about her children and begins work on creation their winter garments. As a matter of fact sin...

Archery Vocabulary :: Archery Sports Bow and Arrow Essays

Archery Vocabulary Adaya: An arrow which has missed it's target, Japan. Alborium: A bow made from hazel, 11th century. Anak, Panah: An arrow, Malay. Anchor: The location to which the hand that draws the bow string is positioned to when at full draw. Anchor point: The place where an arrows nock is drawn to before release, usually the chin, cheek, ear or chest. Used to help aiming. Aquande-da: The leather bracer of the Omaha. Arbalest, Arbalete, Alblast, Arblast: The European crossbow of the Middle Ages. Arbalete a Cric: A crossbow drawn by a rack and pinion. Arbalete a Jalet, Pellet crossbow, Prodd: A crossbow set up to shoot stones instead of bolts. Arbalest a Tour: A crossbow drawn by a windlass. Arbalestina: A cruciform aperture in a wall of a fortification from which a crossbow was shot. Arbrier: The stock of a crossbow. Archer's guard: See bracer. Archer's paradox: In period bows (without a shelf or centre shot) the arrow which is properly shot will fly in the line of aim although the string propelling the arrow moves directly to the centre of the bow. The arrow in fact bends around the bow after release but after passing the bow returns to its proper line of flight. See Spine. Archer's ring, Thumb ring: An effective Eastern method of drawing the bow string while using the thumb protected by a ring. Archer's Stake: A sharpened wooden stake driven into the ground pointing away from an archer to protect against cavalry. Arcuballista: The ancient form of ballista. Arcubalista unis pedis: A crossbow which only needs one foot to assist drawing the string. Arrow: The missile shot by an archer from a bow. Arrow guide: See Majrà £, Solenarion. Arrowhead: The striking end of an arrow, usually made of a different type of material from the shaft such as iron, flint or bronze, depending the purpose of the arrow. Arrowsmith: A maker of metal arrowheads. Ascham: [1] A tall narrow cupboard for storage of bows and arrows. [2] Roger Ascham, 1515 - 1568, author of Toxophilus (1545). Arrow spacer: A circular piece of leather pierced by 24 holes used to keep the shafts of a sheath of arrows apart from each other and prevent damage to the flights during transport. Azusa-yumi: A small bow used in magic, Japan. Top B Back of the bow: The surface of the bow furthest from the archer when they hold the bow in the firing position. Archery Vocabulary :: Archery Sports Bow and Arrow Essays Archery Vocabulary Adaya: An arrow which has missed it's target, Japan. Alborium: A bow made from hazel, 11th century. Anak, Panah: An arrow, Malay. Anchor: The location to which the hand that draws the bow string is positioned to when at full draw. Anchor point: The place where an arrows nock is drawn to before release, usually the chin, cheek, ear or chest. Used to help aiming. Aquande-da: The leather bracer of the Omaha. Arbalest, Arbalete, Alblast, Arblast: The European crossbow of the Middle Ages. Arbalete a Cric: A crossbow drawn by a rack and pinion. Arbalete a Jalet, Pellet crossbow, Prodd: A crossbow set up to shoot stones instead of bolts. Arbalest a Tour: A crossbow drawn by a windlass. Arbalestina: A cruciform aperture in a wall of a fortification from which a crossbow was shot. Arbrier: The stock of a crossbow. Archer's guard: See bracer. Archer's paradox: In period bows (without a shelf or centre shot) the arrow which is properly shot will fly in the line of aim although the string propelling the arrow moves directly to the centre of the bow. The arrow in fact bends around the bow after release but after passing the bow returns to its proper line of flight. See Spine. Archer's ring, Thumb ring: An effective Eastern method of drawing the bow string while using the thumb protected by a ring. Archer's Stake: A sharpened wooden stake driven into the ground pointing away from an archer to protect against cavalry. Arcuballista: The ancient form of ballista. Arcubalista unis pedis: A crossbow which only needs one foot to assist drawing the string. Arrow: The missile shot by an archer from a bow. Arrow guide: See Majrà £, Solenarion. Arrowhead: The striking end of an arrow, usually made of a different type of material from the shaft such as iron, flint or bronze, depending the purpose of the arrow. Arrowsmith: A maker of metal arrowheads. Ascham: [1] A tall narrow cupboard for storage of bows and arrows. [2] Roger Ascham, 1515 - 1568, author of Toxophilus (1545). Arrow spacer: A circular piece of leather pierced by 24 holes used to keep the shafts of a sheath of arrows apart from each other and prevent damage to the flights during transport. Azusa-yumi: A small bow used in magic, Japan. Top B Back of the bow: The surface of the bow furthest from the archer when they hold the bow in the firing position.