Should University Curriculum Be Modified So That...

5.0 Recommendations Concerning first research question, the study recommends that university curriculum should be modified so that assessment of students’ performance should take into account both academic abilities and the work done for the learning institution and community. This will enhance the cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills. In the same spirit, university management should move towards applying outcome-based education (OBE) in handling teaching and learning instructions at university education. This will adequately prepares graduates with values and skills to face challenges in life and at work places in the 21st Century. With regard to the second research question, the study recommends that in order to achieve the wholesome university education as enshrined in Nyerere’s philosophy of education, 8-4-4 curriculum has to be in line with its original intended objectives as spelt in the Mackay report and the contemporary requirements of the country. Instructional strategies should be diversified and be more practical oriented to allow the learners operationalize their efforts in and out of university. In general, in the effort of producing first class graduates with wholesome quality, characteristics and aptitudes in the universities, there is need to also consider assessment procedure and approaches that are truly valid and reliable to measure the learning outcomes of the students. The aim of the producing first class graduates must be proportionate to firstShow MoreRelatedInstructional Technology Specialist For Cedarburg School District1603 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum development refers to a process of critical questioning used in framing the activities of teaching and learning in schools. The process of developing a curriculum translates broader statements of intent in actual plans and actions. Curriculum development involves designing and developing integrated plans for teaching and learning, implementation, and the evaluation of the plants if they achieve learning objectives. Accordingly, the intention of curriculum development is to align the plannedRead MoreCurriculum Development : Teaching And Learning1606 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum Development Interview Curriculum development refers to a process of critical questioning used in framing the activities of teaching and learning in schools. The process of developing a curriculum translates broader statements of intent in actual plans and actions. Curriculum development involves designing and developing integrated plans for teaching and learning, implementation, and the evaluation of the plants if they achieve learning objectives. Accordingly, the intention of curriculumRead MoreUnit 6: Curriculum Development for Inclusive Practice Essay2756 Words   |  12 PagesCurriculum Development Unit 6 Curriculum Development for inclusive practice Curriculum is defined as the following; a specific blueprint for learning that is derived from content and performance standards. Curriculum takes content and shapes it into a plan for effective teaching and learning. Thus, curriculum is more than a general framework, it is a specific plan with identified lessons in an appropriate form and sequence for directing teaching (Wiggins and McTighe, 1998). The word ‘curriculumRead MoreChallenges Associated With Change Management Via A Needs Analysis2183 Words   |  9 Pages Case Study 7: Maya Thomas Implementing New Instructional Approaches in a K-12 Setting Debra Cahl, Kendra Hollern, and Carrie Pankey EDU 543 Dr. Keya Mukherjee Saint Leo University 11/2/14 The Problem This case study addresses issues associated with change management via a needs analysis in an effort to identify and implement new instructional approaches to improve a middle school math course in a K-12 setting. Upon receipt of an email from Ruth Ann Ponten, a 7th grade math teacherRead MoreState And National Control Of Schools Essay1753 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"insiders†Ã¢â‚¬â€educators, officials, publishers-whose daily work routinely shapes curriculum (Loveless, 2014). By adopting common core, it incorporates standards derived from cognitive, research-based, content experts, as well as consenting support from federal investments for implementations and further expansions to ensure a valid curriculum for all students. With state and national control it ameliorates curriculum, instruction, assessment, and accountability, which will lead to a better common school withRead MoreExploring The Role Of A Learning Management System Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesExploring the Role of a Learning Management System Emily Durray Nelson Lachina University of West Florida Abstract Learning Management System (LMS) provides an integrated platform for content, delivery and management of learning as well as accessibility by a range of users that may include learners, content creators and administrators. Learning Management Systems have been implemented successfully in various settings which include educational, corporate and non-profit environments. The LMSRead MoreCurriculum And Educational Learning Outcomes2097 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The word curriculum derives from the Latin word ‘currere’ meaning ‘to run’ and infers that one of the functions of a curriculum is to provide an outline or plan to enable learning to take place. Curriculum is referred as lesson and / or academic content delivered in school, college, universities and training learners against the set learning outcome or syllabus. Dictionary define curriculum as â€Å"the courses offered by a school, but it is rarely used in such a general sense in schools†Read MoreAffirmative Action and Higher Education Admissions Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pagespotentially be swayed to side with the rationale to maintain its use or disregard, the facts are quite clear that the future of this practice is unclear. Therefore, this essay will present current research in an attempt to determine if affirmative action should continue to be used within college admission decisions. What is Affirmative Action? Signed in an executive order by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity was created to ensure that hiring and employmentRead Morecomponents of curriculum3497 Words   |  14 Pagesrelationships in curriculum Key elements within the curriculum and the relationships between them are shown in diagram 1 below. Staff and students are at the heart of curriculum. The relationships between them are shaped by the answers to key questions about assessment, content, learning interactions and the connections between those elements. In the diagram the top question in each pair is a design question for staff. The lower set of questions is commonly asked by students to shape theirRead More The Issue with Traditional Testing Methods Essay3581 Words   |  15 PagesThe Issue with Traditional Testing Methods So what’s the big issue with traditional testing methods? They’ve been instituted for years and no one seemed to have a problem before now. Well, in the past decade, the nation’s citizens have become increasingly compassionate towards students and their individual needs. President George W. Bush has gotten generous praise for his No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 as a result of popular concerns among communities across the country. While the act may

How Risk Disclosures Are Used by Investors to Make Decisions

This paper uses research articles to provide evidence that risk disclosures are used by investors to make decisions, furthermore how the risk disclosures compare to other factors in influencing an investor to make a decision. The language of the disclosures is used to make a connection on how investors can use litigation to get a return on their investment through legal means if the investor feels that the disclosures were improper. In the article â€Å"Textual risk disclosures and investors risk perceptions† by Kravet and Mushu (2011), the authors provided evidence that textual risk disclosures in annual reports corresponds with a similar amount of increase or decrease in the stock price and increased volatility in the volumes traded in the market, these disclosures are a mean for the managers to send signals about future firm performance to the investors who can then use the information to make a rational decision. The authors research 4315 firms between the years 1994 and 2007 leading to a sample of 28,110 observations for their article. The authors test how the investors and analyst’s behavior changes during the two months before and after the filings of the 10 – K reports the authors collect their data from. The test is conducted by linking the various test variables such as changes in stock returns, changes in volume traded by linking them amongst other variables to changes in managem ents forecasts, changes in risk disclosures, changes in sales, changes in institutionalShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Financial Reporting Disclosures1477 Words   |  6 Pagesabout financial reporting disclosures in 2013 to solve current disclosure overload problem. This report will mainly argue against recommendation four. Choosing this prospect because one of the objectives of the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) is to protect consumers from being taken advantage of by other informed participants in the capital market. Among all the suggestions, disclosing different reports for different users has the most significant influence on investors and capital market. SectionRead MoreDisclosure Of Financial Reporting : Verizon Communications Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesFull Disclosure in Financial Reporting: Verizon Communications Introduction The most important thing to any company’s stakeholders is high-quality reporting of its financial statements. Investors, for instance, need to know the truth about a company in order to make an informed decision on whether to make private investment, buy stock or bonds. However, for stakeholders to get the truth about a company, they need to read and understand management’s discussion and analysis, the president’s letterRead MoreConceptual Framework For Financial Reporting1512 Words   |  7 Pagesentity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity Objective of financial reporting Investors’, lenders’ and other creditors’ expectations about returns depend on their assessment of the amount, timing and uncertainty of future net cash inflows to the entity. Decisions by investors about buying, selling or holding equity and debt instruments Decisions by lenders about providing or settling loans andRead MoreManaging A Firm Based On Past Oriented Financial Statements1718 Words   |  7 Pagescontaining certain basic information. the investors face difficulty when pursuing to anticipate the future of a firm based on past-oriented financial statements. Forward-looking information is essential for the investors, as their decisions are largely determined by the future prospects of a company. Forecasting is, however, an intricate process, which is further impeded by the information asymmetry between investors and the company‟s management. Investor-oriented reporting became the central themeRead MoreFinancial Disclosure Of A Company1556 Words   |  7 PagesIn any business operations, full financial disclosure refers to the provision of the necessary information about a company for better decision making by the people accustomed. It is the financial revelation of a given company. There are some financial disclosures in any business that ensure proper understanding of financial statements to the financial readers, or potential auditors. Examples are the annual financial reports and the financial declarations of the company. The annual financial reportsRead MoreA Review On Disclosure Practices1726 Words   |  7 PagesA Review of Disclosure Practices of Latin American Companies Abstract This paper analyzes current practices in several Latin American countries in the areas of corporate disclosure and transparency by focusing on the extent to which information is disclosed to investors through public channels, such as websites. We find weak disclosure practices, which will continue to prove problematic for capital flows and the future development of these countries. Specifically, poor disclosure practices leadRead MorePorsche short squeeze1746 Words   |  7 Pagesand 3G, 2 UK-based hedge funds, violated SEC disclosure requirements, hiding their objective to takeover CSX Corporation by entering into equity total return swaps with numerous investment banks. CSX was a one of the largest railroad and transport companies in Eastern US with returns exceed SP during 5 years before the economic downturns, which made it attractive as a take-over prey. This report provides an analysis on how derivatives could be used to gain corporate control, resulted in financialRead MoreTheu.s Security And Exchange Commission847 Words   |  4 Pagesexternal users to view. Disclosures are an important section of a company’s annual report. Every statement within the report is likely to have information that will help readers understand the data. The 2015 annual report of Ralph Lauren Corporation contains various disclosures that explain how the financial figures were determined. The disclosures help explain what the company has done over the past year and what they plan to do in the future. Understanding the disclosures related to cash, cashRead MoreConsolidated Financial Statement Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Financial statement of a company allows an investor to see the flow of money from that particular company. It records the money going in as well as the money going out. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has implemented rules on how the consolidated financial statements are presented, disclosed, as well as other rules that affect the variable interest and non-controlling interest. A Consolidated Financial Statement is used when you have a parent company along with its subsidiariesRead MoreThe New Deal Of A Big Depression Hit America1440 Words   |  6 PagesAnother example is the Investment Company Act, which should protect investors and public interests (Piereson, 2008, May 15th). New rules were introduced in Roosevelts era on a constant basis, which are rather important even today and form one of the pillars of modern credit and capital. Some of these rules include: Deposit insurance Securities regulation Federal regulation of banks In conclusion, it can be seen that investor protection started in the 30s and made financial markets saver for

Methadone Maintenance Treatment Free Essays

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) has been in place for over 30 years.   Initially used as an analgesic before the Second World War, it was used to rectify the heroine epidemic in the post-World War II era.   At present, MMT is used as a harm-reduction strategy – a tool to help withdrawing heroine addicts, reduce crime and deaths associated with opiate use and to reduce incidences of HIV/AIDS that results from heroin injection and needle use. We will write a custom essay sample on Methadone Maintenance Treatment or any similar topic only for you Order Now    There is still however a controversy surrounding the treatment basically because of the misconception associated with MMT.   Health officials believe that MMT should be kept in a short duration as possible while researchers contend that higher doses and longer treatment duration may lead to lower cases of relapse. Heroin addiction is a persistent problem in the United States especially in New York City where heroin abuse, replacing opium smoking, started in the early 20th century (Frank, 2000).   The post-World War II era saw an epidemic rise in the number of heroin addicts such that between 1950 and 1961, heroin injection became one of the leading causes of death among young adults in New York City (Joseph, Stancliff Langrod, 2000).   The average age of heroin-related deaths was 29 years old, both for men and women. Initially used as an analgesic in Germany before the Second World War, methadone was considered as an answer to the prevalence of the illicit drug and the consequent criminal offenses and deaths associated with its use.   This started in 1949 when Isbell and Vogel demonstrated methadone to be effective in helping addicts withdraw from heroin (Joseph et. al, 2000).   In 1964, methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was launched as a research program in Rockefeller Institute under the direction of Dr. Vincent P. Dole and Dr. Marie E. Nyswander. At present, methadone maintenance treatment is one of the common medications used to treat heroin and other opiate addiction.   Judging from the number of researches and assessments on MMT, it is evidently the drug abuse treatment that has received the most thorough evaluation and has been shown to be effective in reducing opioid use, HIV incidences, criminal activity and mortality (â€Å"Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment†, 2007).   Consequently, it has also been demonstrated to improve physical and mental health and a person’s ability to regain normal social functioning. Despite the staggering number of studies associated with MMT and the scientific data resulting from these studies showing that the treatment is an effective medication for withdrawing opiate addicts, controversies still surround the treatment.   There seem to be  conflicting views between scientists/researchers and health officials as to how the treatment must be dispensed.   Aside from discussing those controversies, this paper will also: a) present methadone facts b) present the advantages and disadvantages of MMT and determine the people that can benefit from such a treatment; and c) assess whether MMT is an effective harm-reduction strategy. Methadone Facts Methadone, initially used as an analgesic, is a synthetic narcotic that has been used to treat opiate addiction for more than 3 decades (Office of National Drug Control Policy [ONDCP], 2000).   Heroin and opioid addicts feel the need to continually take in these substances because opiates occupy a receptor in the brain which sends a signal to the body when opiate levels are low.   Methadone works by â€Å"occupying† these receptor sites and consequently hinders the euphoria caused by heroin use, relieves the craving for opiate and reduces the withdrawal symptoms associated with abrupt cessation of opiate use (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2002). Taken orally once a day, the effect of methadone can last from 24 to 36 hours. As with any medication, there is the risk of abuse and dependency.   In a controlled and supervised treatment, a former heroine addict may remain physically dependent on methadone but does not experience the highs and lows resulting from the increase and decrease of heroine in blood levels (ONDCP, 2000). A person on methadone treatment can therefore be integrated into the society and become a functional citizen. Who Benefits From MMT Methadone will only be effective for those recovering from opiate addiction and will have no effect for those who are taking other mood-altering substances apart from opiates  (Stimmel Kreek, 2000).   In the past, admission to MMT was limited only to applicants between the ages of 21 and 40 with a minimum of 4 years narcotic addiction.   Joseph, et. al. (2000) noticed that the admission criteria is much more liberal now as rehabilitation clinics now admit patients younger than 21 and older than 40. Because the link between heroin abuse and alcoholism has long been acknowledged, the New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS) changed its former rules of separating treatment for heroin addicts and alcoholics and instead ordered that Addiction Treatment Centers (ATCs) admit methadone patients into alcoholism rehabilitation programs and vice versa (Kipnis, Herron, Perez Joseph, 2001). Even pregnant women can be treated using methadone as long as the mother is closely monitored and has to be enrolled in a comprehensive program that not only includes MMT but also prenatal care, nutritional counseling and other medical services that the pregnant woman may need (Joseph, et. al, 2000).   Ward (1998) as cited in â€Å"Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment† (2207) asserted that nobody should be excluded from the treatment (in the context of heroin and opiate use) because no reliable criteria exist that has determined a group of people that will not respond to treatment. Key Issues in MMT The guiding principle of most rehabilitation centers is that an addict is â€Å"cured† if he is able to abstain from the use of an illicit drug.   Critics of MMT claim that the treatment is just a substitute for the stronger opiate (heroin) addiction.   This is viewed as the major disadvantage of MMT, especially by health officials.   Kipnis, et. al. (2001), Stimmel and Kreek (2000), Joseph, et. al. (2000) and a host of other researchers contend that there is a misconception and misunderstanding between health officials and researchers of MMT.   Even at present, there is a stigma associated with MMT because it still viewed as a physical dependence on a drug. This explains why most patients in rehabilitation clinics receive  insufficient doses which would lead to a likely relapse. A lot of health care officials believe that therapy using methadone has to be ceased as soon as possible.   Researchers disagree, arguing that there should not be a limit as to the duration of the treatment because patients may respond well to a short treatment while others may respond better to a longer treatment, possibly even a lifetime treatment.   Joseph et. al. (2000) also noted that higher doses lead to a higher treatment retention rate.   Even with increasing evidence pointing to the effectiveness of MMT as a therapy for heroin and opiate withdrawal, there is still only partial acceptance for the treatment by the public.   The media has also distorted the public’s view on MMT which resulted to a stigma associated to the treatment. MMT as a Harm-Reduction Strategy Drug Policy Alliance (2007) cited dozens of authors that supported MMT as a tool used to reduce crime, death and disease.   Researchers agree that methadone is the most effective treatment for heroin addiction.   Furthermore, methadone reduces criminal offenders because those who are in MMT are able to lead stable lives and can acquire legitimate employment. Cases of HIV and other diseases caused by needle-sharing are also reduced by the treatment.   Methadone treatment is also a point of contact between the patient and the health official and an opportunity for the patient to learn about the techniques to prevent HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other diseases that may inflict drug users. MMT is also cost-effective, costing only $13 per day and is a better alternative than incarceration (ONDCP, 2000).   Kipnis, et. al. (2001) however believes that there must be an organizational overhaul in order for MMT to be more effective.   The staff of ATCs must lose their held principles that MMT does not work or that it is a form of addiction.   Discrimination for MMT patients must have no place in the 12-step rehabilitation programs and the public also needs to be educated of the proper and real function of MMT in the community. Conclusion MMT has been proven to be effective in more than 3 decades of its use.   Social factors however prevent it from being used properly.   Misconceptions that health officials have regarding the treatment, its use and the dosage to be dispensed lead to a great number of relapses.   Staff culture and beliefs have to be changed in order for methadone maintenance treatment to be fully accepted in the community and for its effectivity to be optimized. References Drug Policy Alliance (2007). Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Drug Policy Alliance. Retrieved September 1, 2007 from http://www.lindesmith.org/library/ research/methadone.cfm Frank. B. (2000). An Overview of Heroin Trends in New York City: Past, Present and Future. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67 (5-6). Kipnis, S., Herron, A., Perez, J. Joseph, H. (2001 January). Integrating the Methadone Patient In the Traditional Addiction Inpatient Rehabilitation Program – Problems and Solutions [electronic version]. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 68 (1). Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/68/PAGE28_32.pdf Joseph, H., Stancliff, S. Langrod J. (2000). Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT): A Review of Historical and Clinical Issues. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67 (5). 347-364. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/67/page347_364.pdf Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment (2007). Health Canada. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from   http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/pubs/adp-apd/methadone/policy-politique_e.html#adm Stimmel, B Kreek, M.J. (2000). Neurobiology of Addictive Behaviors and Its Relationship to Methadone Maintenance [electronic version]. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67, (5-6). 375-380. Retrieved September 1, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/67/page375_380.pdf U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2002 February). Methadone Maintenance Treatment. IDU HIV Prevention. Retrieved August 30, 2007 from http://www.cdc.gov/idu/facts/MethadoneFin.pdf          How to cite Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Essay examples

Three Strikes Law free essay sample

In this act, the statute of three strike sentencing provides a mandatory life imprisonment sentence for convicted felons that have been convicted in a federal court for a serious and/or violent felony and they commit two or more previous crimes that they are convicted of in federal and/or state court system in which at least one of the crimes is a serious and/or violent crime. These crimes can be but are not limited to murder, sex offenses, robbery, and kidnapping. The issue at hand is the question whether this act is really as effective as it is made out to be. Convicted felons are given two more chances to straighten up their acts and get their lives together to be able to live and reside in society. I believe that people who are convicted of a serious crime the first go-round should be punish by the same seriousness as the crime in which he or she committed. If they are giving a second chance to make become civilized and they commit another serious crime, then that should be an automatic life imprisonment sentence. I do not believe that they should be given a third chance. Once someone who commits a crime, they have the potential to commit the same or even more severe crime. It should not have to take the law and criminal justice system three chances to realize that a convicted felon is unfit to live along side with civilians. With this being said, this â€Å"three strike† sentencing should be abolished. This issue is very important because this sentence puts civilians back at risk of potential harm and threat by convicted felons, especially those who have convicted murder and/or sex crimes. Civilians should not have to continually be put back at risk by releasing dangerous convicted felons back into society because the system feels that they are capable of becoming civilized. This may be in some cases but certain not for all or even most. They should be stricter and set higher standards on how the system evaluates and establish such decisions, especially when it is society that will be affected mostly. These felons have previously committed serious crimes that had already altered the way of living amongst those people who were affected by the crimes they have committed. Giving them a second chance is one thing but to give them a third chance after the second chance fell through is completely ludicrous. The â€Å"three strike† sentencing should be abolished. Everyone may deserve a second chance but definitely not a third one. The â€Å"three strikes† sentencing law was originated in California. It was created in efforts to prevent offenders from becoming repeat offenders. (Kitchen, 2008). The three strikes sentencing states that when a person is convicted of three felonies, crimes in which a person can be sentenced to one or more years in prison, they will be sentenced to an automatic twenty-five to life sentence. (Messerli, 2006). There has been much criticism on this law and the effectiveness of it. It has mostly been condemned for applying a one-size-fit-all sentence to repeat offenders. But like any law, there are advantages and disadvantages. An advantage of the three strikes law is that it gives convicted felons a limited number of chances, normally three, in efforts to rehabilitate them to make them able to live in the civilized community. It gives those people who commit crimes the opportunity to change their ways of living and provide guidance to becoming a civilized person who abide by the laws that are set in the society. For instance, if a minor committed a crime considered to be a felony and is charged with such, this law could help him ways to stay out of trouble and prevent he or she from becoming a repeat offender. It is the second and third chances that are given to provide the turnaround for convicted felons to make the best out of life. Another advantage of the three strikes law is that it provides assistance to repair a defective justice system so convicted felons who choose to be repeat offenders will stay in prison. In today’s society, most crimes are committed by repeat offenders. (Kitchen, 2008). One possible reason this could be is that it is the way of life for most. The streets and committing crimes is all they know and have grown accustomed to. They commit crimes in hopes of never getting caught but they eventually they do. But even with this, they continue to commit crimes because that is what they know. Another possible reason could be that some repeat offenders commit crimes because they would rather be locked up behind bars then out in society. Some actually know that they are incapable of living civilized lives so they choose to commit crimes to be in a place where they are accepted for who they are. So because most crimes are committed by repeat offenders, this law was implemented as an instrument that the system can use to prevent such actions. It also helps with the reduction of liberal sentences, plea bargaining, and case backlogs. (Kitchen, 2009) Another advantage is that the law can efficiently discourage offenders who have already acquired two felonies from committing further acts. This is where the rehabilitation aspect falls into place. The three strikes law seems to assist with steering offenders away from committing further crimes because following the second conviction there may be a constant reminder of what will occur if the felon was to commit another criminal act; his or her freedom will be stripped and will receive a prison sentence of a mandatory twenty-five years, or worst, a life sentence. It’s the life sentence that may be the underlying reason that some actually become rehabilitated and stop committing crimes.