Methadone Maintenance Treatment Free Essays

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) has been in place for over 30 years.   Initially used as an analgesic before the Second World War, it was used to rectify the heroine epidemic in the post-World War II era.   At present, MMT is used as a harm-reduction strategy – a tool to help withdrawing heroine addicts, reduce crime and deaths associated with opiate use and to reduce incidences of HIV/AIDS that results from heroin injection and needle use. We will write a custom essay sample on Methadone Maintenance Treatment or any similar topic only for you Order Now    There is still however a controversy surrounding the treatment basically because of the misconception associated with MMT.   Health officials believe that MMT should be kept in a short duration as possible while researchers contend that higher doses and longer treatment duration may lead to lower cases of relapse. Heroin addiction is a persistent problem in the United States especially in New York City where heroin abuse, replacing opium smoking, started in the early 20th century (Frank, 2000).   The post-World War II era saw an epidemic rise in the number of heroin addicts such that between 1950 and 1961, heroin injection became one of the leading causes of death among young adults in New York City (Joseph, Stancliff Langrod, 2000).   The average age of heroin-related deaths was 29 years old, both for men and women. Initially used as an analgesic in Germany before the Second World War, methadone was considered as an answer to the prevalence of the illicit drug and the consequent criminal offenses and deaths associated with its use.   This started in 1949 when Isbell and Vogel demonstrated methadone to be effective in helping addicts withdraw from heroin (Joseph et. al, 2000).   In 1964, methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was launched as a research program in Rockefeller Institute under the direction of Dr. Vincent P. Dole and Dr. Marie E. Nyswander. At present, methadone maintenance treatment is one of the common medications used to treat heroin and other opiate addiction.   Judging from the number of researches and assessments on MMT, it is evidently the drug abuse treatment that has received the most thorough evaluation and has been shown to be effective in reducing opioid use, HIV incidences, criminal activity and mortality (â€Å"Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment†, 2007).   Consequently, it has also been demonstrated to improve physical and mental health and a person’s ability to regain normal social functioning. Despite the staggering number of studies associated with MMT and the scientific data resulting from these studies showing that the treatment is an effective medication for withdrawing opiate addicts, controversies still surround the treatment.   There seem to be  conflicting views between scientists/researchers and health officials as to how the treatment must be dispensed.   Aside from discussing those controversies, this paper will also: a) present methadone facts b) present the advantages and disadvantages of MMT and determine the people that can benefit from such a treatment; and c) assess whether MMT is an effective harm-reduction strategy. Methadone Facts Methadone, initially used as an analgesic, is a synthetic narcotic that has been used to treat opiate addiction for more than 3 decades (Office of National Drug Control Policy [ONDCP], 2000).   Heroin and opioid addicts feel the need to continually take in these substances because opiates occupy a receptor in the brain which sends a signal to the body when opiate levels are low.   Methadone works by â€Å"occupying† these receptor sites and consequently hinders the euphoria caused by heroin use, relieves the craving for opiate and reduces the withdrawal symptoms associated with abrupt cessation of opiate use (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2002). Taken orally once a day, the effect of methadone can last from 24 to 36 hours. As with any medication, there is the risk of abuse and dependency.   In a controlled and supervised treatment, a former heroine addict may remain physically dependent on methadone but does not experience the highs and lows resulting from the increase and decrease of heroine in blood levels (ONDCP, 2000). A person on methadone treatment can therefore be integrated into the society and become a functional citizen. Who Benefits From MMT Methadone will only be effective for those recovering from opiate addiction and will have no effect for those who are taking other mood-altering substances apart from opiates  (Stimmel Kreek, 2000).   In the past, admission to MMT was limited only to applicants between the ages of 21 and 40 with a minimum of 4 years narcotic addiction.   Joseph, et. al. (2000) noticed that the admission criteria is much more liberal now as rehabilitation clinics now admit patients younger than 21 and older than 40. Because the link between heroin abuse and alcoholism has long been acknowledged, the New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS) changed its former rules of separating treatment for heroin addicts and alcoholics and instead ordered that Addiction Treatment Centers (ATCs) admit methadone patients into alcoholism rehabilitation programs and vice versa (Kipnis, Herron, Perez Joseph, 2001). Even pregnant women can be treated using methadone as long as the mother is closely monitored and has to be enrolled in a comprehensive program that not only includes MMT but also prenatal care, nutritional counseling and other medical services that the pregnant woman may need (Joseph, et. al, 2000).   Ward (1998) as cited in â€Å"Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment† (2207) asserted that nobody should be excluded from the treatment (in the context of heroin and opiate use) because no reliable criteria exist that has determined a group of people that will not respond to treatment. Key Issues in MMT The guiding principle of most rehabilitation centers is that an addict is â€Å"cured† if he is able to abstain from the use of an illicit drug.   Critics of MMT claim that the treatment is just a substitute for the stronger opiate (heroin) addiction.   This is viewed as the major disadvantage of MMT, especially by health officials.   Kipnis, et. al. (2001), Stimmel and Kreek (2000), Joseph, et. al. (2000) and a host of other researchers contend that there is a misconception and misunderstanding between health officials and researchers of MMT.   Even at present, there is a stigma associated with MMT because it still viewed as a physical dependence on a drug. This explains why most patients in rehabilitation clinics receive  insufficient doses which would lead to a likely relapse. A lot of health care officials believe that therapy using methadone has to be ceased as soon as possible.   Researchers disagree, arguing that there should not be a limit as to the duration of the treatment because patients may respond well to a short treatment while others may respond better to a longer treatment, possibly even a lifetime treatment.   Joseph et. al. (2000) also noted that higher doses lead to a higher treatment retention rate.   Even with increasing evidence pointing to the effectiveness of MMT as a therapy for heroin and opiate withdrawal, there is still only partial acceptance for the treatment by the public.   The media has also distorted the public’s view on MMT which resulted to a stigma associated to the treatment. MMT as a Harm-Reduction Strategy Drug Policy Alliance (2007) cited dozens of authors that supported MMT as a tool used to reduce crime, death and disease.   Researchers agree that methadone is the most effective treatment for heroin addiction.   Furthermore, methadone reduces criminal offenders because those who are in MMT are able to lead stable lives and can acquire legitimate employment. Cases of HIV and other diseases caused by needle-sharing are also reduced by the treatment.   Methadone treatment is also a point of contact between the patient and the health official and an opportunity for the patient to learn about the techniques to prevent HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other diseases that may inflict drug users. MMT is also cost-effective, costing only $13 per day and is a better alternative than incarceration (ONDCP, 2000).   Kipnis, et. al. (2001) however believes that there must be an organizational overhaul in order for MMT to be more effective.   The staff of ATCs must lose their held principles that MMT does not work or that it is a form of addiction.   Discrimination for MMT patients must have no place in the 12-step rehabilitation programs and the public also needs to be educated of the proper and real function of MMT in the community. Conclusion MMT has been proven to be effective in more than 3 decades of its use.   Social factors however prevent it from being used properly.   Misconceptions that health officials have regarding the treatment, its use and the dosage to be dispensed lead to a great number of relapses.   Staff culture and beliefs have to be changed in order for methadone maintenance treatment to be fully accepted in the community and for its effectivity to be optimized. References Drug Policy Alliance (2007). Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Drug Policy Alliance. Retrieved September 1, 2007 from http://www.lindesmith.org/library/ research/methadone.cfm Frank. B. (2000). An Overview of Heroin Trends in New York City: Past, Present and Future. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67 (5-6). Kipnis, S., Herron, A., Perez, J. Joseph, H. (2001 January). Integrating the Methadone Patient In the Traditional Addiction Inpatient Rehabilitation Program – Problems and Solutions [electronic version]. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 68 (1). Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/68/PAGE28_32.pdf Joseph, H., Stancliff, S. Langrod J. (2000). Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT): A Review of Historical and Clinical Issues. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67 (5). 347-364. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/67/page347_364.pdf Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment (2007). Health Canada. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from   http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/pubs/adp-apd/methadone/policy-politique_e.html#adm Stimmel, B Kreek, M.J. (2000). Neurobiology of Addictive Behaviors and Its Relationship to Methadone Maintenance [electronic version]. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67, (5-6). 375-380. Retrieved September 1, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/67/page375_380.pdf U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2002 February). Methadone Maintenance Treatment. IDU HIV Prevention. Retrieved August 30, 2007 from http://www.cdc.gov/idu/facts/MethadoneFin.pdf          How to cite Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Essay examples

Three Strikes Law free essay sample

In this act, the statute of three strike sentencing provides a mandatory life imprisonment sentence for convicted felons that have been convicted in a federal court for a serious and/or violent felony and they commit two or more previous crimes that they are convicted of in federal and/or state court system in which at least one of the crimes is a serious and/or violent crime. These crimes can be but are not limited to murder, sex offenses, robbery, and kidnapping. The issue at hand is the question whether this act is really as effective as it is made out to be. Convicted felons are given two more chances to straighten up their acts and get their lives together to be able to live and reside in society. I believe that people who are convicted of a serious crime the first go-round should be punish by the same seriousness as the crime in which he or she committed. If they are giving a second chance to make become civilized and they commit another serious crime, then that should be an automatic life imprisonment sentence. I do not believe that they should be given a third chance. Once someone who commits a crime, they have the potential to commit the same or even more severe crime. It should not have to take the law and criminal justice system three chances to realize that a convicted felon is unfit to live along side with civilians. With this being said, this â€Å"three strike† sentencing should be abolished. This issue is very important because this sentence puts civilians back at risk of potential harm and threat by convicted felons, especially those who have convicted murder and/or sex crimes. Civilians should not have to continually be put back at risk by releasing dangerous convicted felons back into society because the system feels that they are capable of becoming civilized. This may be in some cases but certain not for all or even most. They should be stricter and set higher standards on how the system evaluates and establish such decisions, especially when it is society that will be affected mostly. These felons have previously committed serious crimes that had already altered the way of living amongst those people who were affected by the crimes they have committed. Giving them a second chance is one thing but to give them a third chance after the second chance fell through is completely ludicrous. The â€Å"three strike† sentencing should be abolished. Everyone may deserve a second chance but definitely not a third one. The â€Å"three strikes† sentencing law was originated in California. It was created in efforts to prevent offenders from becoming repeat offenders. (Kitchen, 2008). The three strikes sentencing states that when a person is convicted of three felonies, crimes in which a person can be sentenced to one or more years in prison, they will be sentenced to an automatic twenty-five to life sentence. (Messerli, 2006). There has been much criticism on this law and the effectiveness of it. It has mostly been condemned for applying a one-size-fit-all sentence to repeat offenders. But like any law, there are advantages and disadvantages. An advantage of the three strikes law is that it gives convicted felons a limited number of chances, normally three, in efforts to rehabilitate them to make them able to live in the civilized community. It gives those people who commit crimes the opportunity to change their ways of living and provide guidance to becoming a civilized person who abide by the laws that are set in the society. For instance, if a minor committed a crime considered to be a felony and is charged with such, this law could help him ways to stay out of trouble and prevent he or she from becoming a repeat offender. It is the second and third chances that are given to provide the turnaround for convicted felons to make the best out of life. Another advantage of the three strikes law is that it provides assistance to repair a defective justice system so convicted felons who choose to be repeat offenders will stay in prison. In today’s society, most crimes are committed by repeat offenders. (Kitchen, 2008). One possible reason this could be is that it is the way of life for most. The streets and committing crimes is all they know and have grown accustomed to. They commit crimes in hopes of never getting caught but they eventually they do. But even with this, they continue to commit crimes because that is what they know. Another possible reason could be that some repeat offenders commit crimes because they would rather be locked up behind bars then out in society. Some actually know that they are incapable of living civilized lives so they choose to commit crimes to be in a place where they are accepted for who they are. So because most crimes are committed by repeat offenders, this law was implemented as an instrument that the system can use to prevent such actions. It also helps with the reduction of liberal sentences, plea bargaining, and case backlogs. (Kitchen, 2009) Another advantage is that the law can efficiently discourage offenders who have already acquired two felonies from committing further acts. This is where the rehabilitation aspect falls into place. The three strikes law seems to assist with steering offenders away from committing further crimes because following the second conviction there may be a constant reminder of what will occur if the felon was to commit another criminal act; his or her freedom will be stripped and will receive a prison sentence of a mandatory twenty-five years, or worst, a life sentence. It’s the life sentence that may be the underlying reason that some actually become rehabilitated and stop committing crimes.

PEST analysis of Brazil Essay Example

PEST analysis of Brazil Paper This paper will concentrate on Legoland subject park company possible enlargement in Brazil. I will utilize PEST model as a guideline for analysis and other analysis methods. such as Porter? s or Hofsted. if needed. First. paper will analyse the external environment that affects determination devising and moreover. supply some internal environment information about Legolands strengths and failings. Brazil is South America’s most important state. an economic giant and one of the world’s biggest democracies. with 5th big population in the universe ( News. bbc. co. United Kingdom. 2013 ) . In coming old ages Brazil will host two immense athletics events. World Cup in 2014 and Olympic Games 2016. which have evidently some impact in PEST- analysis countries. When talking about Brazil it is of import to cognize about Jeito Brasileiro. the Brazilian manner of making things. In concern that means that Brazilians prefer travel around the regulations when an obstruction nowadayss ( Morrison and Conaway. 2006 ) . Today LEGOLAND has all together six subject Parkss located in North America. Europe and Asia. Company is non to the full owned by Lego Group itself. instead theme Parkss are owned and operated by the British subject park company Melin Entertainment. which operates in all parts of the universe besides South America. Core values that LEGO want to do universal are Creativity. Imagination. Learning. Fun and Quality ( Jones and Shaheen. 2013 ) . ( Merlinentertainments. game. 2013 ) . 2. Political environment Harmonizing to Ministery of foreign personal businesss Danmark. Brazil is a federal democracy with a federal authorities divided into three independent subdivisions – executive. legislative. and judicial. We will write a custom essay sample on PEST analysis of Brazil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on PEST analysis of Brazil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on PEST analysis of Brazil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The President has executive power ( being both the Head of State and Government ) although advised by the Cabinet. Legislative power is at the National Congress. while judicial power lies with the judiciary Supreme Federal Court. and the regional federal tribunals. The state is a parliamentary democracy with a presidential government and following presidential. congressional. and gubernatorial elections is to be held in October 2014. 2. 1 Political Hazard Data from World Bank ( 2013 ) shows that Brazil Political hazard has changed a batch in the past decennary. but now state is politically stable in the long term position. However monolithic anti-government protests during July 2013 Tell that Brazil is presently sing a widespread prostration of its substructure. Harmonizing to Paula Ramon ( 2013 ) there are jobs with ports. airdromes. public conveyance. wellness and instruction. Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff even proposed a referendum as a manner to put political reform in the public’s hands. 2. 2 Corruption The degrees of bureaucratism and deficiency of transparence of regulations make Brazil a hard state to make concern in. Misdemeanors of jurisprudence and ethical criterions committed by representatives of the legislative and executive power are common. The organisation Transparency International’s corruptness index for 2012 ranks Brazil as figure 69 ( score 43/100 ) – in front of Argentina ( 102 ) . Columbia ( 94 ) and Peru ( 83 ) but behind Chile ( 24 ) and the U. S ( 19 ) of 180 states ( Transparency International. 2013 ) . Corruptness was cited among many issues that provoked the 2013 protests in Brazil ( CNN iReport. 2013 ) . 2. 3 FDI and concern set uping ordinances Policy competition to pull investing was activated in Brazil by the dramatic success of the 1994 Real Plan in cutting rising prices and conveying macroeconomic stableness to the state ( OECD. 2002 ) . Since so FDI influxs have turning inclination as we can see from the chart. Direct Investing totaled US $ 660. 5 billion. equivalent to 30. 8 % of national GDP ( Oecd. org. 2012 ) . As stated in Iab. worldbank. org. 2013 foreign companies set uping subordinates in Brazil must hold at least 2 stockholders. Executive officers of Brazilian companies must be either Brazilian citizens or aliens who hold a Brazilian permanent visa. To register with the Commercial Registry. the company may pay an extra fee and registry through SIMPI. which offers an expedited enrollment procedure. Company set uping takes 166 yearss and goes trough 17 processs. to compare IAB planetary norm is 42 yearss and 7 processs. nevertheless Brazilian easiness of constitution index ( 64. 5 ) is in line with IAB planetary norm 62. 5. While authorities blessing is non required. foreign investings must be registered with the Brazilian Central Bank. Harmonizing to the Rules for the Exchange Market and Foreign Capital issued by the Central Bank of Brazil. merely a few entities are entitled to keep a foreign currency bank history in Brazil. 2. 4 Taxation Foreign capital that enters Brazil as direct foreign investing ( IED ) is non capable to revenue enhancement. However. the intercompany loans will be capable to IOF at a rate of 6 % . Even though. intercompany loans are classified as IED ( Mello. 2012 ) . While importing may work good in most markets. it is hard in Brazil due to high duties and revenue enhancements. since Brazil does non hold an industry of amusement drives and equipment. or many mills. when it comes to roller-coasters. elephantine wheels and similar merchandises. there is demand to import them from other states. chiefly from Europe. Asia and the United States ( Macropolice. 2013 ) . Potential export states such as the US and Germany are non parties to a bilateral free trade understanding with Brazil. As a consequence imports from these states bear duties and revenue enhancements which can run from 0 to 35 per centum on the CIF ( insurance. and cargo ) value. The edge rate that Brazil can impose on imports under World Trade Organization regulations is 31. 4 per centum. Since duties can be changed by the authorities at any clip. importers are capable to hazard and uncertainness ( Brazil. Land of the Future. n. d. ) 2. 5 Employment Laws Employment and labour dealingss in Brazil are chiefly governed by the Brazilian Federal Constitution. the Brazilian Labour Code – CLT’ and Collective Labour Agreements. Established working hours in Brazil should non transcend 44 hours a hebdomad and preferentially. 8 hours a twenty-four hours. Depending on the occupation. there are conventions between companies and Unions. and so employees will work more than 8 hours a twenty-four hours. Every employee working under the CLT ordinance has right of a 30-day remainder every 12 months of work. Brazil has the 13th wage. which is a satisfaction equivalent to a month salary and paid in two installments in November and December For persons considered as employees. the company must do a monthly sedimentation tothe Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees. Aviso previo is a presentment that must be given by both employee and employer when they are no longer willing to work together. This presentment must be given one month prior to the dismissal. Additionally Brazilian employers are obliged to cover its employees’ transit costs and supply a repast for those working 8 hours a twenty-four hours. All in all hiring in Brazil is non inexpensive because of the all extra cost mentioned earlier ( Globalconnections. hsbc. com. 2013 ) .

John F Kennedy Jr essays

John F Kennedy Jr essays John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States. He was the youngest president ever to be elected, the first Roman Catholic president, and the first president to be born in the 20th century. Although, he didn't get the chance to live out his term and possible another one, he impacted the entire world. No other president was so popular, especially with the young people. John F. Kennedy was born May 29th, 1917, child of Joseph P. and Rose Kennedy. John had eight brothers and sisters: Joseph P. Jr. (1915), Rosemary (1918), Kathleen (1920), Eunice (1921), Patricia (1924), Robert F. (1925), Jean (1928) and Edward M. (1932). All of the children were born in Brookline, Massachusetts. They were all very competitive due to their parents. The only thing that was important to them was winning. John grew up in the nineteen twenties and thirties at his birth place of Brookline, Massachusetts. John had once stated, "life is unfair,"1 yet for him the statement was definitely not true. His childhood consisted of many things. Coming from a wealthy family let him have the freedom to do what most kids couldn't. That still didn't keep him from behaving like other kids. He and his brothers and sisters all participated in things such as sailboat races, tennis matches, or even just a simple game of touch football. All family members were always encouraged to get involved with government issues. Small talk wasn't allowed at the Kennedy dinner table2. They discussed world and national issues. The impact of these discussions wouldn't be seen until later. Joseph and Rose were trying to prepare their sons for public life and prepare their daughters for marriages to distinguished young men. In 1937, the Kennedy family moved to Great Britain so that John's father could become the American ambassador there for three years. John stayed in the United States for an education at Harvard University. John was a very good student at Ha...

If the demand for corn increases due to its use as an alternative Research Paper

If the demand for corn increases due to its use as an alternative energy source, what will happen to the supply of corn's substi - Research Paper Example One would have expected the price of corn to decrease due to the increase in the quantity demanded, but this is a different and special case. The increase in the demand for corn would also lead to an increase in the price of corn oil as suppliers would want to take advantage of the market scenario by maximizing their profits. Suppliers are aware that consumers have no choice than to make use of corn as an alternative source of energy and they would increase the price. Thus, the increase in the demand of corn and the price of corn oil have a linear relationship in this case. In a typical scenario, the price elasticity of demand for corn oil would have an effect on the quantity-demanded of corn oil (O'Sullivan & Perez, 2010). Initially, people would buy the commodity and the suppliers would make good use of the rapid increase in demand by increasing the price. This increase in price would have an initial multiplying effect on the total revenue made by the sellers of corn oil. This incr ease in price would make cause people to look for other alternatives and when they eventually find another alternative, they would have no choice than to reduce the rate at which they demand for corn and choose the close substitutes (Jones, 2008).

Summary of Margaret Newman's and Rosemarie Parse's Grand Theories of Essay

Summary of Margaret Newman's and Rosemarie Parse's Grand Theories of Nursing - Essay Example The development of grand nursing theories helped to distinguish the discipline from the medical model, catalysed the extensive growth of nursing knowledge, and provided a framework for organizing nursing knowledge and nurse education curricula. Further, grand theories offer an alternative to practising solely on the basis of tradition or intuition, thus helping to professionalize nursing practice. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to summarise Margaret Newman’s and Rosemarie Parse’s grand nursing theories, examining their aim, their application to patient care and nursing, their key elements, and their strengths and weaknesses. Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness Margaret Newman’s 1990 theory of health as expanding consciousness arose from her insights on long-term illness. She believed that through the invalid’s expansion of consciousness, they gained a deeper appreciation for life and more meaningful relation ships. This abstract model required recognition of the life pattern, acceptance of illness as part of the life pattern, and health as an expansion of consciousness. The pattern of expanding consciousness evolves irrespective of the form or direction it may take. Through this realization, illness and disease lose their demoralizing power (Rich, 2011). The theorist believed that the focus of nursing is on the nurse-patient relationship. Pattern-recognition is the key element of nursing practice and interventions. The more expanded the consciousness of the nurses, the more readily they are able to enter a transformative relationship with clients, to help the latter regain health by minimizing disease and emphasizing health (Newman, 1999). The purpose of this theory of health as expanding consciousness, is to underscore the human experiences of transformation through time and space to a more highly organized pattern of the whole. Newman’s perspective of health and illness as a un itary process moving through variations of order-disorder, was built on Rogers’ 1970 life process model with a holistic and unitary view of humans, and from Young’s idea of the acceleration of evolution of consciousness. According to Newman, consciousness pertained to all information of a system that related to its capacity to interact with its environment. â€Å"Consciousness as the essence of all things that exist, including humans† (Kim, 2006, p.297), is a part of time and space, and is reflected in movement. Newman’s theory considers health as a synthesis of the fusion of disease and non-disease, that is health consists of both wellness and illness. Disease and nondisease form â€Å"a larger wholeness that takes on a new and different form that is not diminished by illness† (Rich, 2011, p.290); this health creates a more inclusive consciousness. Therefore, the key characteristics of Newman’s theoryare: Health includes illness or patholgy ; these pathological conditions are a manifestation of the total pattern of the individual; the pattern of the individual that eventually establishes itself as pathology existed as a primary feature before the occurrence of structural or functional changes; by removing the pathology the individual’s pattern cannot be changed; â€Å"if becoming ill is the only way an individual’s pattern can manifest itself, then that is health for that person†

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 45

Summary - Essay Example People always perceive that the city life is luxurious and convenient. Even though, this might be true, this is not always the case. For instance, in Aesop’s fable, the country mouse proved to the town mouse that town life is not always reliable as perceived since he could not even have a meal in peace (Carroll 1). This fable was widespread in the Classical era (Carroll 1). Artists such as Horace incorporated the fable in his satires concluding his stories with quotes from Aesop’s fable. Nevertheless, writers from the 12th century, such as Walter of England, contributed most to adapting Aesop’s fable. Aesop was a fabulist credited with numerous fables that are collectively referred to as Aesop’s Fables (Carroll 1). According to historians, Aesop might or might have not written his fables. However, his Romantic writings confirm that he wrote his own works and he should be given credit for writings that seem so contemporary yet