PEST analysis of Brazil Essay Example

PEST analysis of Brazil Paper This paper will concentrate on Legoland subject park company possible enlargement in Brazil. I will utilize PEST model as a guideline for analysis and other analysis methods. such as Porter? s or Hofsted. if needed. First. paper will analyse the external environment that affects determination devising and moreover. supply some internal environment information about Legolands strengths and failings. Brazil is South America’s most important state. an economic giant and one of the world’s biggest democracies. with 5th big population in the universe ( News. bbc. co. United Kingdom. 2013 ) . In coming old ages Brazil will host two immense athletics events. World Cup in 2014 and Olympic Games 2016. which have evidently some impact in PEST- analysis countries. When talking about Brazil it is of import to cognize about Jeito Brasileiro. the Brazilian manner of making things. In concern that means that Brazilians prefer travel around the regulations when an obstruction nowadayss ( Morrison and Conaway. 2006 ) . Today LEGOLAND has all together six subject Parkss located in North America. Europe and Asia. Company is non to the full owned by Lego Group itself. instead theme Parkss are owned and operated by the British subject park company Melin Entertainment. which operates in all parts of the universe besides South America. Core values that LEGO want to do universal are Creativity. Imagination. Learning. Fun and Quality ( Jones and Shaheen. 2013 ) . ( Merlinentertainments. game. 2013 ) . 2. Political environment Harmonizing to Ministery of foreign personal businesss Danmark. Brazil is a federal democracy with a federal authorities divided into three independent subdivisions – executive. legislative. and judicial. We will write a custom essay sample on PEST analysis of Brazil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on PEST analysis of Brazil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on PEST analysis of Brazil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The President has executive power ( being both the Head of State and Government ) although advised by the Cabinet. Legislative power is at the National Congress. while judicial power lies with the judiciary Supreme Federal Court. and the regional federal tribunals. The state is a parliamentary democracy with a presidential government and following presidential. congressional. and gubernatorial elections is to be held in October 2014. 2. 1 Political Hazard Data from World Bank ( 2013 ) shows that Brazil Political hazard has changed a batch in the past decennary. but now state is politically stable in the long term position. However monolithic anti-government protests during July 2013 Tell that Brazil is presently sing a widespread prostration of its substructure. Harmonizing to Paula Ramon ( 2013 ) there are jobs with ports. airdromes. public conveyance. wellness and instruction. Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff even proposed a referendum as a manner to put political reform in the public’s hands. 2. 2 Corruption The degrees of bureaucratism and deficiency of transparence of regulations make Brazil a hard state to make concern in. Misdemeanors of jurisprudence and ethical criterions committed by representatives of the legislative and executive power are common. The organisation Transparency International’s corruptness index for 2012 ranks Brazil as figure 69 ( score 43/100 ) – in front of Argentina ( 102 ) . Columbia ( 94 ) and Peru ( 83 ) but behind Chile ( 24 ) and the U. S ( 19 ) of 180 states ( Transparency International. 2013 ) . Corruptness was cited among many issues that provoked the 2013 protests in Brazil ( CNN iReport. 2013 ) . 2. 3 FDI and concern set uping ordinances Policy competition to pull investing was activated in Brazil by the dramatic success of the 1994 Real Plan in cutting rising prices and conveying macroeconomic stableness to the state ( OECD. 2002 ) . Since so FDI influxs have turning inclination as we can see from the chart. Direct Investing totaled US $ 660. 5 billion. equivalent to 30. 8 % of national GDP ( Oecd. org. 2012 ) . As stated in Iab. worldbank. org. 2013 foreign companies set uping subordinates in Brazil must hold at least 2 stockholders. Executive officers of Brazilian companies must be either Brazilian citizens or aliens who hold a Brazilian permanent visa. To register with the Commercial Registry. the company may pay an extra fee and registry through SIMPI. which offers an expedited enrollment procedure. Company set uping takes 166 yearss and goes trough 17 processs. to compare IAB planetary norm is 42 yearss and 7 processs. nevertheless Brazilian easiness of constitution index ( 64. 5 ) is in line with IAB planetary norm 62. 5. While authorities blessing is non required. foreign investings must be registered with the Brazilian Central Bank. Harmonizing to the Rules for the Exchange Market and Foreign Capital issued by the Central Bank of Brazil. merely a few entities are entitled to keep a foreign currency bank history in Brazil. 2. 4 Taxation Foreign capital that enters Brazil as direct foreign investing ( IED ) is non capable to revenue enhancement. However. the intercompany loans will be capable to IOF at a rate of 6 % . Even though. intercompany loans are classified as IED ( Mello. 2012 ) . While importing may work good in most markets. it is hard in Brazil due to high duties and revenue enhancements. since Brazil does non hold an industry of amusement drives and equipment. or many mills. when it comes to roller-coasters. elephantine wheels and similar merchandises. there is demand to import them from other states. chiefly from Europe. Asia and the United States ( Macropolice. 2013 ) . Potential export states such as the US and Germany are non parties to a bilateral free trade understanding with Brazil. As a consequence imports from these states bear duties and revenue enhancements which can run from 0 to 35 per centum on the CIF ( insurance. and cargo ) value. The edge rate that Brazil can impose on imports under World Trade Organization regulations is 31. 4 per centum. Since duties can be changed by the authorities at any clip. importers are capable to hazard and uncertainness ( Brazil. Land of the Future. n. d. ) 2. 5 Employment Laws Employment and labour dealingss in Brazil are chiefly governed by the Brazilian Federal Constitution. the Brazilian Labour Code – CLT’ and Collective Labour Agreements. Established working hours in Brazil should non transcend 44 hours a hebdomad and preferentially. 8 hours a twenty-four hours. Depending on the occupation. there are conventions between companies and Unions. and so employees will work more than 8 hours a twenty-four hours. Every employee working under the CLT ordinance has right of a 30-day remainder every 12 months of work. Brazil has the 13th wage. which is a satisfaction equivalent to a month salary and paid in two installments in November and December For persons considered as employees. the company must do a monthly sedimentation tothe Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees. Aviso previo is a presentment that must be given by both employee and employer when they are no longer willing to work together. This presentment must be given one month prior to the dismissal. Additionally Brazilian employers are obliged to cover its employees’ transit costs and supply a repast for those working 8 hours a twenty-four hours. All in all hiring in Brazil is non inexpensive because of the all extra cost mentioned earlier ( Globalconnections. hsbc. com. 2013 ) .

John F Kennedy Jr essays

John F Kennedy Jr essays John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States. He was the youngest president ever to be elected, the first Roman Catholic president, and the first president to be born in the 20th century. Although, he didn't get the chance to live out his term and possible another one, he impacted the entire world. No other president was so popular, especially with the young people. John F. Kennedy was born May 29th, 1917, child of Joseph P. and Rose Kennedy. John had eight brothers and sisters: Joseph P. Jr. (1915), Rosemary (1918), Kathleen (1920), Eunice (1921), Patricia (1924), Robert F. (1925), Jean (1928) and Edward M. (1932). All of the children were born in Brookline, Massachusetts. They were all very competitive due to their parents. The only thing that was important to them was winning. John grew up in the nineteen twenties and thirties at his birth place of Brookline, Massachusetts. John had once stated, "life is unfair,"1 yet for him the statement was definitely not true. His childhood consisted of many things. Coming from a wealthy family let him have the freedom to do what most kids couldn't. That still didn't keep him from behaving like other kids. He and his brothers and sisters all participated in things such as sailboat races, tennis matches, or even just a simple game of touch football. All family members were always encouraged to get involved with government issues. Small talk wasn't allowed at the Kennedy dinner table2. They discussed world and national issues. The impact of these discussions wouldn't be seen until later. Joseph and Rose were trying to prepare their sons for public life and prepare their daughters for marriages to distinguished young men. In 1937, the Kennedy family moved to Great Britain so that John's father could become the American ambassador there for three years. John stayed in the United States for an education at Harvard University. John was a very good student at Ha...

If the demand for corn increases due to its use as an alternative Research Paper

If the demand for corn increases due to its use as an alternative energy source, what will happen to the supply of corn's substi - Research Paper Example One would have expected the price of corn to decrease due to the increase in the quantity demanded, but this is a different and special case. The increase in the demand for corn would also lead to an increase in the price of corn oil as suppliers would want to take advantage of the market scenario by maximizing their profits. Suppliers are aware that consumers have no choice than to make use of corn as an alternative source of energy and they would increase the price. Thus, the increase in the demand of corn and the price of corn oil have a linear relationship in this case. In a typical scenario, the price elasticity of demand for corn oil would have an effect on the quantity-demanded of corn oil (O'Sullivan & Perez, 2010). Initially, people would buy the commodity and the suppliers would make good use of the rapid increase in demand by increasing the price. This increase in price would have an initial multiplying effect on the total revenue made by the sellers of corn oil. This incr ease in price would make cause people to look for other alternatives and when they eventually find another alternative, they would have no choice than to reduce the rate at which they demand for corn and choose the close substitutes (Jones, 2008).

Summary of Margaret Newman's and Rosemarie Parse's Grand Theories of Essay

Summary of Margaret Newman's and Rosemarie Parse's Grand Theories of Nursing - Essay Example The development of grand nursing theories helped to distinguish the discipline from the medical model, catalysed the extensive growth of nursing knowledge, and provided a framework for organizing nursing knowledge and nurse education curricula. Further, grand theories offer an alternative to practising solely on the basis of tradition or intuition, thus helping to professionalize nursing practice. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to summarise Margaret Newman’s and Rosemarie Parse’s grand nursing theories, examining their aim, their application to patient care and nursing, their key elements, and their strengths and weaknesses. Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness Margaret Newman’s 1990 theory of health as expanding consciousness arose from her insights on long-term illness. She believed that through the invalid’s expansion of consciousness, they gained a deeper appreciation for life and more meaningful relation ships. This abstract model required recognition of the life pattern, acceptance of illness as part of the life pattern, and health as an expansion of consciousness. The pattern of expanding consciousness evolves irrespective of the form or direction it may take. Through this realization, illness and disease lose their demoralizing power (Rich, 2011). The theorist believed that the focus of nursing is on the nurse-patient relationship. Pattern-recognition is the key element of nursing practice and interventions. The more expanded the consciousness of the nurses, the more readily they are able to enter a transformative relationship with clients, to help the latter regain health by minimizing disease and emphasizing health (Newman, 1999). The purpose of this theory of health as expanding consciousness, is to underscore the human experiences of transformation through time and space to a more highly organized pattern of the whole. Newman’s perspective of health and illness as a un itary process moving through variations of order-disorder, was built on Rogers’ 1970 life process model with a holistic and unitary view of humans, and from Young’s idea of the acceleration of evolution of consciousness. According to Newman, consciousness pertained to all information of a system that related to its capacity to interact with its environment. â€Å"Consciousness as the essence of all things that exist, including humans† (Kim, 2006, p.297), is a part of time and space, and is reflected in movement. Newman’s theory considers health as a synthesis of the fusion of disease and non-disease, that is health consists of both wellness and illness. Disease and nondisease form â€Å"a larger wholeness that takes on a new and different form that is not diminished by illness† (Rich, 2011, p.290); this health creates a more inclusive consciousness. Therefore, the key characteristics of Newman’s theoryare: Health includes illness or patholgy ; these pathological conditions are a manifestation of the total pattern of the individual; the pattern of the individual that eventually establishes itself as pathology existed as a primary feature before the occurrence of structural or functional changes; by removing the pathology the individual’s pattern cannot be changed; â€Å"if becoming ill is the only way an individual’s pattern can manifest itself, then that is health for that person†

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 45

Summary - Essay Example People always perceive that the city life is luxurious and convenient. Even though, this might be true, this is not always the case. For instance, in Aesop’s fable, the country mouse proved to the town mouse that town life is not always reliable as perceived since he could not even have a meal in peace (Carroll 1). This fable was widespread in the Classical era (Carroll 1). Artists such as Horace incorporated the fable in his satires concluding his stories with quotes from Aesop’s fable. Nevertheless, writers from the 12th century, such as Walter of England, contributed most to adapting Aesop’s fable. Aesop was a fabulist credited with numerous fables that are collectively referred to as Aesop’s Fables (Carroll 1). According to historians, Aesop might or might have not written his fables. However, his Romantic writings confirm that he wrote his own works and he should be given credit for writings that seem so contemporary yet

National Effluent Limitation Regulations At Nigerian Breweries Environmental Sciences Essay

National Effluent Limitation Regulations At Nigerian Breweries Environmental Sciences Essay Nigeria, a country with thirty six states situated in the western part of Africa, rich in mineral and natural resources, having a size of three hundred and fifty six thousand, six hundred and sixty nine square miles of land area, with ecological zones ranging from the dry savannas in the north, to the water abundant Niger Delta (about nine hundred and twenty three thousand, seven hundred and seventy three square kilometres) She is more than half the United States of American state of California, Nigeria has placed her name on the globe for recognition in exportation of petroleum oil, groundnut, palm oil and cocoa. Gaining her independence in 1960, she has been ruled and governed under the military and civilian era, with the later still in rule, also known as the era of democracy. Nigeria, like many other former British colonies operates a common law. The main sources of law in Nigeria are customary law (which was the legal system operating in Nigeria prior to the advent of the Briti sh colonial rule), the Nigerian legislation, and common law. The composition and nature of our environment has greatly been altered by activities such as industrialization, transportation, construction and other activities. Nigeria is a developing country and so, has industries situated in urban and rural areas, most of these industries are manufacturing and producing industries, and as such, tend to give off waste products which acts as pollutants to the immediate and surrounding environment. This essay covers air pollution control laws in Nigeria caused by brewing activities. BREWING ACTIVITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Brewing is a complex process with several stages, that tend to produce pollutants in form of fumes and effluent that causes environmental air pollution. The raw material collection process, produces dust which when inhaled makes the victim to sneeze and cough, for this reason, handlers are given protective gears to cover their nose, failing to realise that this dust particles still float in the air and pollutes the environment. The steam produced when the milled grains are boiling (wort production), and the addition of yeast to the cooled wort for fermenting the wort into beer, (the aeration process), the bottling and packaging which deals with water that is in turn converted to waste water that gives a stench before treated. Waste water from the industry (effluent), which is later on recycled and used to wash equipments in the factory, gives out a stench that offends neighbouring surrounding. In the effluent tanks, the odour produced poses as a nuisance to the surrounding environmen t in the form of air pollution. The law relating to air pollution in Nigeria is contained in numerous instruments as obtained in The National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007, an Agency of the Ministry of Environment Housing and Urban Development is charged with the responsibility of enforcing environmental Laws, regulations and  standard in deterring people, industries and organization from polluting and degrading the environment. According to the Environmental Law Research Institute 2007, (ELRI) for Nigeria, the synopsis of laws and regulations aims at inducing responsible attitudes and behaviours towards the environment are embedded in NESREA Act 2007 which replaced the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act, notes in Section 7, that it provides authority to ensure compliance with environmental laws, local and international, on environmental sanitation and pollution prevention and control through monitory and regulatory measures. According to the regulations under NESREA on National Effluent Limitation Regulations, Section 1 (1) requires industry facilities to have anti-pollution equipment for the treatment of effluent, but because policies are not given out to the general public, perhaps due to companys work ethics or policy, one can not say if the treatment of effluent is properly met in the brewing industry, however, because of the air pollution caused by this activity, it is recommended that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) comes into act to check if the industry has exceeded its limit in polluting the environment as stated in The National Environment Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities producing Waste) Regulations (1991), Section 1 Prohibits the release of hazardous substances into the air, land or water of Nigeria beyond approved limits set by the Agency. Also, the need for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to measure the level of impact and damage done to the environment is not applied, it is for this reason that both small and big industries still generate a lot of pollution to the environment. The E.I.A Act, as it is informally called, deals with the considerations of environmental impact in respect of public and private projects. Sections relevant to environmental emergency prevention under the EIA include:- Section 2 (1) requires an assessment of public or private projects likely to have a significant (negative) impact on the environment. However, this is not the case when compared with the activities of brewing, as it gives a negative impact on the immediate environment. Mwalimu in his text states The common law supplements statutory control and regulation of air pollution in Nigeria for example concerning tortuous liability under torts of nuisance and negligence. This means that the law is there to control and regulate air pollution. A tort is an injury incurred by one or more individuals, and it may involve mere inattention by the air polluter who allowed the injury to occur. The different stages are powered with generators which emit fumes into the air, the stages involved also releases fumes into the air, effluent water which is before treated acts as another means of air pollution. The fumes produced from the industry, derived as a result of the production from brewing, running of diesel operated generators (commonly known as diesel fumes) are a mixture of gases, vapours, liquid aerosols and substances made up of particles. They contain the products of combustion including: carbon (soot); nitrogen; water; carbon monoxide; aldehydes; nitrogen dioxide; sulphur dioxide; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This gases acts as pollutants and are suspended in the atmosphere where they cause greenhouse effect and lead to global warming. Most of these gases damage vegetation, respiratory system, product of complete combustion of organic compounds; implicated in global climate change. In other words they damage and pollute the environment; it is safe to say that brewing activities contributes to one of the major sources of pollution. Environment is a very broad concept and involves everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. According to Srinivasan our environment comprises atmosphere, water, earth, and space. In his book, Chauhan defined environment in different ways; 1. It is in totality of all social, biological and physical or chemical individually as well as collectively that compose the nature and man-made surroundings. It refers to the sum total of conditions which surrounds man at a given point in space and time. It is the representative of physical components of the earth where in man is the important factor influencing his environment It would appear that what the author means by environment is the totality of the surrounding body (air, land and water) that can be seen and felt by living organism. Pollution is when different activities done by man makes the environment (air, land and water) dirty, Saunders in his text defines Pollution as The introduction by man of waste matter or surplus energy into the environment which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment other than himself, his household, those in his employment or those with whom his has a direct trading relationship. This means that for every action man has taken has caused pollution directly or indirectly. Olanrewaju and Chukwukere defined air pollution as the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, biological materials that may cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere and further classified sources of air pollution into anthropogenic sources and natural sources. Tiwary and Colls stated in their book that air pollution has been with us since the first fire was lit, although different aspects have been important at different times. While many would consider air pollution an issue that the modern world has resolved to a greater extent, it still appears to have a considerable influence on the global environment. It would appear that the authors mean to say that air pollution, has been in existence from the beginning of time where fire was discovered and possibly before then. Vallero in his text defined air pollution in page three of his book as Air Pollution is the presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. Hill in his text said Pollution occurs because no process is one hundred percent efficient the author means that pollution is inevitable but can be managed. As stated above, there is no process or activity done by any living organism that does not result in one form of pollution or the other. A good example of air pollution includes failure to inspect the operation and maintenance of electrostatic precipitators or failure to design and size an adequate abatement technology. Effect of Air Pollution on Health of Humans Olarenwaju and Chukwukere, the effect of air pollution and disturbance of natural air causes different health problems such as difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions, pulmonary exacerbations, vascular dysfunction, increased thrombus formation, brain damage, cancer, and increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. For this reason, legislations and regulations have been made for producing industries to abide in, and breach in this has its consequences. This legislation in relation to environmental law constitutes interlocking body of treaties, conventions, statutes, regulations, and common law that, very broadly, operate to regulate the interaction of humanity and the rest of the biophysical or natural environment, toward the purpose of reducing the impacts of human. The polluter can be held responsible for the damage to human health. These laws and regulations are in the constitution but are not enforced in the country, because pollution is still on the increase in this developing country. The use of generators to power the factory, or a house or machineries has led to not only air pollution but also noise pollution. According to Abdulkareem in his case study on Urban air pollution by computer simulator, Urban Air pollution due to activities of process industries is one of the main problems faced by the industrial area of the world. This means that, as long as there is an industrial process going on, air pollution would still be present. The action carried out by the brewery industry does not promote clean air, and therefore pollutes the air and this causes discomfort for the inhabitants of the surrounding environment, and the regulatory bodies are not efficient in carrying out their duties, unlike the United Kingdom, where Legislations are constantly reviewed and put into place to fish out industries and companies that are exceeding the pollution limit, environmental permits are in place, pollution prevention and control permits are also in place to check for stake holders that breach laws and to check for hw air pollution is regulated. As earlier said, there is no process that does not pollute the environment. The Pollution Prevention and Control permits (PPC) of the United Kingdom states that If a business operates in Northern Ireland or Scotland, the business would require a PPC permit from an environmental regulator before such business would be allowed to operate. The NEW Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) HYPERLINK http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2172/contents/madeRegulations 2010 SI 675 pHYPERLINK http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2172/contents/maderovides a consolidated system for environmental permits and exemptions for industrial activities, mobile plant, waste operations, mining waste operations, water discharge activities, groundwater activities and radioactive substances activities. It also sets out the powers, functions and duties of the regulators.HYPERLINK http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2172/contents/made Unlike the United Kingdom where the public has the right to know the legislation for air pollution control, the public is unaware of this legislation in Nigeria. Very little is put in place for the public, there is no clean air act, which gives powers to local councils to control domestic and industrial smoke to improve local air quality and meet EU air quality standards for sulphur dioxide and particulates. The English air legislation controls emissions of gases, dark smoke and other airborne pollutants that harm the quality of the atmosphere. It includes environmental permitting and authorising regimes and, via the climate change framework, establishes financial incentives to switch to less-polluting ways of working. NEW Aerosol Dispensers Regulations 2009 SI 2824 aims to protect public health by prohibiting the supply or possession of aerosols not marked as conforming to safety standards. RECOMMENDATION: This regulation has been in place to meet up to the cleanliness of the environment, but because of the corruption of the land, such laws are not enforced and therefore, it is ignored. The industries still run and release aerosols and fumes into the atmosphere, damaging the immediate environment.

The Speech of Marcus Antonius in Julius Caesar -- William Shakespeare

The speech made by Marcus Antonius, called Antony, in Act Three, Scene Two of Julius Caesar shows that despite being considered a sportsman above all else, he is highly skilled with the art of oratory as well. In the play by William Shakespeare, this speech is made at the funeral of Caesar after he is killed by Brutus and the other conspirators. Brutus claimed earlier, in his own funeral speech, that the killing of Caesar was justified. He felt that Caesar was a threat, and too ambitious to be allowed as ruler. Much of this sentiment, however, was developed by the treacherous Cassius. Antony, on the other hand, felt that the conspirators were traitors to Rome and should be dealt with. This speech used a variety of methods to gradually bring the crowd to his side, yet maintain his side of the deal with Brutus. This deal was that he, â€Å"shall not in your funeral speech blame us...† (3.1.245) for the death of Caesar. Antony holds his end of the deal for the majority of the speech, yet by doing so convinces the crowd of Brutus' and the others' disloyalty. In many ways, this speech can be seen as the ultimate rhetoric, and it includes all three of Aristotle's methods of persuasion. This are the appeal to credibility, called ethos, the appeal to emotions, called pathos, and the appeal to logic, called logos. All three of these devices are used to great effect during the speech of Marcus Antonius. Antony begins with the now famous words, â€Å"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.†(3.2.62) In referring to the commoners as equals, they feel a sense of empathy even at the first line. This can be seen as a sort of ethos. He goes on to say that Brutus has said that Caesar was ambitious, and that this, if true, is a serious... ...2.248) Antony, though he kept to his bargain, brought the audience to his side in a variety of ways. He used all three methods of persuasion to his advantage. He claimed the killers of Caesar to be honorable and noble, and in the very act of doing so turned Brutus' followers against him. This shows the true ability of Marcus Antonius, and that he is a far greater threat than the conspirators recognized. This power of words is well known, and Aristotle's three methods of persuasion live on in modern speechwriters. Ethos, logos, and pathos are just as effective in our time as in that of Shakespeare, the Roman Empire, and wherever there are people to speak and people to listen. Thus even today, this speech of Shakespeare through Antony shows the sheer impact that mere words can have. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. New York: Simon, 1975.